Measurement and Visualization of the Contact Pressure Distribution of Rubber Disks and Tires

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
High Definition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract The contact conditions of a tire with the road surface have a close relationship to various properties of the tire and are among the most important characteristics in evaluating the performance of the tire. In this research, a new measurement device was developed that allows the contact stress distribution to be quantified and visualized. The measuring principle of this device is that the light absorption at the interface between an optical prism and an evenly ground or worn rubber surface is a function of contact pressure. The light absorption can be measured at a number of points on the surface to obtain the pressure distribution. Using this device, the contact pressure distribution of a rubber disk loaded against a plate was measured. It was found that the pressure distribution was not flat but varied greatly depending upon the height and diameter of the rubber disk. The variation can be explained by a “spring” effect, a “liquid” effect, and an “edge” effect of the rubber disk. Next, the measurement and image processing techniques were applied to a loaded tire. A very high definition image was obtained that displayed the true contact area, the shape of the area, and the pressure distribution from which irregular wear was easily detected. Finally, the deformation of the contact area and changes in the pressure distribution in the tread rubber block were measured when a lateral force was applied to the loaded tire.

Ultrasonic Measurements of Contact Area and Pressure Distribution of a Pneumatic Tire on a Rigid Surface3

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Pau ◽  
Bruno Leban ◽  
Antonio Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Reflection Data ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pressure Sensitive Film

Abstract Contact phenomena which occur at the tire-ground interface play a crucial role in most issues related to optimal performances of the vehicle, safety, comfort, and energy consumption. Thus, it is essential to have available experimental tools capable of supplying detailed information about the main contact parameters (size and shape of nominal contact area and contact pressure distribution), especially when unknown or unpredictable external conditions make it difficult to use numerical tools in assessing them. Although a number of laboratory techniques have been devised to address this problem, here we propose a novel approach that exploits the property of ultrasonic waves to be differently reflected by a contact interface depending on its stress state. This noninvasive method is capable of supplying in real-time detailed maps of contact conditions as well as quantitative information with regard to geometric features of the contact area and contact pressure distribution values after suitable postprocessing procedures. This study reports the results of the application of the ultrasonic method in the case of contact of a motor-bicycle tire on a rigid surface. A number of tests were carried out under different conditions with regard to inflation pressure and applied load. In each case, the raw reflection data were converted into graphic maps that display the contact area features and contain information about contact pressure. Moreover, to assess the quantitative reliability of the technique, ultrasonic data were compared with those obtained by means of a commercial pressure-sensitive film. The results are discussed to evaluate the capability of the ultrasonic method to correctly capture contact patch features.

Oil Lip Seal and Shaft as a Specific Friction Couple

2014 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. 294-300
Author(s):  
Marek Gawlinski ◽  
Grzegorz Romanik
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Friction Couple ◽  
Lip Seal ◽  
Variable Position

The oil lip seal operation is affected by the kinematics of the relative motion of the lip surface with respect to the shaft during both assembly and operation. Moreover, the variable position of the contact area along the sealing edge determines the contact pressure distribution and hence the wear rate of the lip.

A Softness Feeling Display with an Active Tensioner Controlling Contact Pressure Distribution on a Fingertip

2012 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuminobu Kimura ◽  
Akio Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Tactile Display ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Flexible Film

This paper describes a tactile display for softness feelings with a function of controlling contact area and pressure distribution. Contact area between a fingertip and a display is controlled by wrapping a flexible film around a finger. An active tensioner controls the tension of the flexible film to modify the contact pressure distribution. Controlling both area and pressure distribution realizes rendering of wider range of softness feelings. The effect was verified using photoelastic phenomenon. The experimental results show that the display can render the different contact conditions that arise from two differently-felt sponge samples with different thicknesses.

Prediction of Roll Profile Wear in the Cold Roll Forming Process

2009 ◽  
Vol 410-411 ◽  
pp. 643-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Galakhar ◽  
William J.T. Daniel ◽  
Paul A. Meehan
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Roll Forming ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Cold Roll Forming ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Roll Profile ◽  
Cold Roll ◽  
Roll Forming Process

This paper presents a model for prediction of forming roll profile wear during the cold roll forming process. The method is based on contact pressure distribution, geometrical description of the initial forming roll profile and NURBS representation of the contact area.

Rim Slip and Bead Fitment of Tires: Analysis and Design2

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Frictional Torque ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Iterative Design ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Braking Torque

Abstract A tire slips circumferentially on the rim when subjected to a driving or braking torque greater than the maximum tire-rim frictional torque. The balance of the tire-rim assembly achieved with weight attachment at certain circumferential locations in tire mounting is then lost, and vibration or adverse effects on handling may result when the tire is rolled. Bead fitment refers to the fit between a tire and its rim, and in particular, to whether a gap exists between the two. Rim slip resistance, or the maximum tire-rim frictional torque, is the integral of the product of contact pressure, friction coefficient, and the distance to the wheel center over the entire tire-rim interface. Analytical solutions and finite element analyses were used to study the dependence of the contact pressure distribution on tire design and operating attributes such as mold ring profile, bead bundle construction and diameter, and inflation pressure, etc. The tire-rim contact pressure distribution consists of two parts. The pressure on the ledge and the flange, respectively, comes primarily from tire-rim interference and inflation. Relative contributions of the two to the total rim slip resistance vary with tire types, depending on the magnitudes of ledge interference and inflation pressure. Based on the analyses, general guidelines are established for bead design modification to improve rim slip resistance and mountability, and to reduce the sensitivity to manufacturing variability. An iterative design and analysis procedure is also developed to improve bead fitment.

One-Dimensional Contact Pressure Distribution of Radial Tires in Motion

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shiobara ◽  
T. Akasaka ◽  
S. Kagami ◽  
S. Tsutsumi
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Forward Direction ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Support Ring ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Lowered Pressure

Abstract The contact pressure distribution and the rolling resistance of a running radial tire under load are fundamental properties of the tire construction, important to the steering performance of automobiles, as is well known. Many theoretical and experimental studies have been previously published on these tire properties. However, the relationships between tire performances in service and tire structural properties have not been clarified sufficiently due to analytical and experimental difficulties. In this paper, establishing a spring support ring model made of a composite belt ring and a Voigt type viscoelastic spring system of the sidewall and the tread rubber, we analyze the one-dimensional contact pressure distribution of a running tire at speeds of up to 60 km/h. The predicted distribution of the contact pressure under appropriate values of damping coefficients of rubber is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. It is confirmed by this study that increasing velocity causes the pressure to rise at the leading edge of the contact patch, accompanied by the lowered pressure at the trailing edge, and further a slight movement of the contact area in the forward direction.

Analysis of the Contact Deformation of a Radial Tire with Camber Angle

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kagami ◽  
T. Akasaka ◽  
H. Shiobara ◽  
A. Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Region ◽  
Contact Deformation ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Radial Tire ◽  
Ring Model ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Contact Free ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract The contact deformation of a radial tire with a camber angle, has been an important problem closely related to the cornering characteristics of radial tires. The analysis of this problem has been considered to be so difficult mathematically in describing the asymmetric deformation of a radial tire contacting with the roadway, that few papers have been published. In this paper, we present an analytical approach to this problem by using a spring bedded ring model consisting of sidewall spring systems in the radial, the lateral, and the circumferential directions and a spring bed of the tread rubber, together with a ring strip of the composite belt. Analytical solutions for each belt deformation in the contact and the contact-free regions are connected by appropriate boundary conditions at both ends. Galerkin's method is used for solving the additional deflection function defined in the contact region. This function plays an important role in determining the contact pressure distribution. Numerical calculations and experiments are conducted for a radial tire of 175SR14. Good agreement between the predicted and the measured results was obtained for two dimensional contact pressure distribution and the camber thrust characterized by the camber angle.

scholarly journals Load-deflection property and contact pressure distribution of radial tire.

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Shigeru KAGAMI ◽  
Takashi AKASAKA ◽  
Atsushi HASEGAWA
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Radial Tire
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