Multiscale Simulation to Determine Rubber Friction on Asphalt Surfaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korbinian Falk ◽  
Ronny Lang ◽  
Michael Kaliske
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Multiscale Simulation ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Rubber Friction ◽  
Linear Friction ◽  
Mechanical Approach

ABSTRACT The interaction between rubber and asphalt pavement depends on the roughness characteristics of the road surface, as well as the contact pressure, slip velocity, and temperature. A homogenization procedure of rubber friction, based on the finite element method, is presented, in order to gain surface dependent friction properties by numerical simulation. Furthermore, the method allows a deep insight into microscale phenomena, like real contact area, microscopic contact pressure, or flash temperature. Rubber undergoes large deformations in contact with rough surfaces. Therefore, the material characteristics of rubber need to be modeled by hyperelasticity and viscoelasticity at finite deformations and dependent on temperature. Thus, hysteresis friction, originating in energy dissipation of the bulk material, i.e., the viscoelastic properties, is evaluated. Adhesion friction is a phenomenon associated with the real contact area and is included in the proposed methodology by a physically motivated, fracture mechanical approach. The resulting macroscopic friction features are validated by experiments based on a linear friction tester. Analytical state of the art solutions are compared with the numerical results.

The variation of real contact area between surfaces with contact pressure and material hardness

Wear ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Chivers ◽  
L.A. Mitchell ◽  
M.D. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Material Hardness

Impact of a Rigid Sphere on an Elastic Homogeneous Half-Space

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yang ◽  
K. Komvopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Half Space ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Rigid Sphere ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Homogeneous Half Space ◽  
The Mean

The impact of a rigid sphere moving at constant velocity on elastic homogeneous half-space was analyzed by the finite element method. Frictionless dynamic contact was modeled with special contact elements at the half-space surface. A dimensionless parameter, β, was introduced to study the effect of wave propagation on the deformation behavior. For small surface interference (β⩽1), the front of the faster propagating dilatational waves extends up to the contact edge, the real contact area is equal to the truncated area, and the contact pressure distribution is uniform. However, for large surface interference (β>1), the dilatation wave front extends beyond the contact edge, the real contact area is less than the truncated area, and the contact pressure exhibits a Hertzian-like distribution. The mean contact pressure increases abruptly at the instant of initial contact, remains constant for β⩽1, and increases gradually for β>1. Based on finite element results for the subsurface stress, strain, and velocity fields, a simple theoretical model that yields approximate closed-form relationships for the mean contact pressure and kinetic and strain energies of the half-space was derived for small surface interference (β⩽1), and its validity was confirmed by favorable comparisons with finite element results.

Impact of a Rigid Sphere on an Elastic Homogeneous Half-Space

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yang ◽  
K. Komvopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Half Space ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Rigid Sphere ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Homogeneous Half Space ◽  
The Mean

Impact of a rigid sphere moving at constant velocity on elastic homogeneous half-space was analyzed by the finite element method. Frictionless dynamic contact was modeled with special contact elements at the half-space surface. A dimensionless parameter, β, was introduced to study the effect of wave propagation on the deformation behavior. For small surface interference (β), the front of the faster propagating dilatational waves extends up to the contact edge, the real contact area is equal to the truncated area, and the contact pressure distribution is uniform. However, for large surface interference (β ≤ 1), the dilatation wave front extends beyond the contact edge, the real contact area is less than the truncated area, and the contact pressure exhibits a Hertzian-like distribution. The mean contact pressure increases abruptly at the instant of initial contact, remains constant for β ≤ 1, and increases gradually for β > 1. Based on finite element results for the subsurface stress, strain, and velocity fields, and simple theoretical model that yields approximated closed-form relationships for the mean contact pressure and kinetic and strain energies of the half-space was derived for small surface interference (β ≤ 1), and its validity was confirmed by favor comparisons with finite element results.

The Contact Between Rough Surfaces With Longitudinal Texture—Part I: Average Contact Pressure and Real Contact Area

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotoshi Aramaki ◽  
Herbert S. Cheng ◽  
Yip-Wah Chung
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Rough Surfaces ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Autocorrelation Length

This paper describes a model to study the contact between two purely longitudinally rough surfaces based on the parabolic indentor problem in elasticity. Rough surfaces are characterized with three parameters: rms roughness, autocorrelation length, and bearing area. Problems encountered by conventional roughness models are treated here. It is shown that the average contact pressure and real contact area obtained from this model agree very well with a computationally more intensive model developed by Lee (1989), up to the bulk yielding pressure.

An Analytical Thermodynamic Approach to Friction of Rubber on Ice

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-150
Author(s):  
Klaus Wiese ◽  
Thiemo M. Kessel ◽  
Reinhard Mundl ◽  
Burkhard Wies
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Analytical Approximation ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Ice Surface

ABSTRACT The presented investigation is motivated by the need for performance improvement in winter tires, based on the idea of innovative “functional” surfaces. Current tread design features focus on macroscopic length scales. The potential of microscopic surface effects for friction on wintery roads has not been considered extensively yet. We limit our considerations to length scales for which rubber is rough, in contrast to a perfectly smooth ice surface. Therefore we assume that the only source of frictional forces is the viscosity of a sheared intermediate thin liquid layer of melted ice. Rubber hysteresis and adhesion effects are considered to be negligible. The height of the liquid layer is driven by an equilibrium between the heat built up by viscous friction, energy consumption for phase transition between ice and water, and heat flow into the cold underlying ice. In addition, the microscopic “squeeze-out” phenomena of melted water resulting from rubber asperities are also taken into consideration. The size and microscopic real contact area of these asperities are derived from roughness parameters of the free rubber surface using Greenwood-Williamson contact theory and compared with the measured real contact area. The derived one-dimensional differential equation for the height of an averaged liquid layer is solved for stationary sliding by a piecewise analytical approximation. The frictional shear forces are deduced and integrated over the whole macroscopic contact area to result in a global coefficient of friction. The boundary condition at the leading edge of the contact area is prescribed by the height of a “quasi-liquid layer,” which already exists on the “free” ice surface. It turns out that this approach meets the measured coefficient of friction in the laboratory. More precisely, the calculated dependencies of the friction coefficient on ice temperature, sliding speed, and contact pressure are confirmed by measurements of a simple rubber block sample on artificial ice in the laboratory.

Measurement and Visualization of the Contact Pressure Distribution of Rubber Disks and Tires

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
High Definition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract The contact conditions of a tire with the road surface have a close relationship to various properties of the tire and are among the most important characteristics in evaluating the performance of the tire. In this research, a new measurement device was developed that allows the contact stress distribution to be quantified and visualized. The measuring principle of this device is that the light absorption at the interface between an optical prism and an evenly ground or worn rubber surface is a function of contact pressure. The light absorption can be measured at a number of points on the surface to obtain the pressure distribution. Using this device, the contact pressure distribution of a rubber disk loaded against a plate was measured. It was found that the pressure distribution was not flat but varied greatly depending upon the height and diameter of the rubber disk. The variation can be explained by a “spring” effect, a “liquid” effect, and an “edge” effect of the rubber disk. Next, the measurement and image processing techniques were applied to a loaded tire. A very high definition image was obtained that displayed the true contact area, the shape of the area, and the pressure distribution from which irregular wear was easily detected. Finally, the deformation of the contact area and changes in the pressure distribution in the tread rubber block were measured when a lateral force was applied to the loaded tire.

scholarly journals Relationship between the real contact behavior and tribological characteristics of cotton fabric

Friction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongxin Chen ◽  
Jiaxin Ye ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jiang Wei ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Tribological Characteristics ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Friction Behavior ◽  
Contact Behavior ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Contact

Abstract The tribological characteristics of cotton fibers play an important role in engineering and materials science, and real contact behavior is a significant aspect in the friction behavior of cotton fibers. In this study, the tribological characteristics of cotton fibers and their relationship with the real contact behavior are investigated through reciprocating linear tribotesting and real contact analysis. Results show that the friction coefficient decreases with a general increase in load or velocity, and the load and velocity exhibit a co-influence on the friction coefficient. The dynamic change in the real contact area is recorded clearly during the experiments and corresponds to the fluctuations observed in the friction coefficient. Moreover, the friction coefficient is positively correlated with the real contact area based on a quantitative analysis of the evolution of friction behavior and the real contact area at different loads and velocities. This correlation is evident at low velocities and medium load.

scholarly journals Estimation of real contact area during sliding friction from interface temperature

AIP Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 065227
Author(s):  
Sung Keun Chey ◽  
Pengyi Tian ◽  
Yu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Real Contact

An Observation Method of Real Contact Area during PVA Brush Scrubbing

2018 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Sanada ◽  
Masanao Hanai ◽  
Akira Fukunaga ◽  
Hirokuni Hiyama
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Contact Condition ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Led Light ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Observation Method

In the post CMP cleaning, the contact condition between PVA brush and surface is very important. In this study, we observed the real contact area between a brush and surface using a collimating LED light and prism. As a result, we found that the real contact area increases with increasing the brush compression. In addition, we also found that the real contact area decreases when the brush starts to move, and the brush was locally compressed due to its deformation.

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