scholarly journals Improved Profits and Wetland Paddy Farming Scale as the Leading Commodity in Agro ecological Zones

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Joko Mulyono ◽  
Setia Hadi ◽  
Khursatul Munibah
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of paddy farming as the leading commodity according agro-ecological zones (AEZ), increase in net profit and the scale of farming. The study was conducted at the location of the paddy fileds as leading commodity and non-leading commodity Bantul Regency in 2015. The feasibility of farming analyzed by revenue and cost ratio (R/C), the increase in profits was analyzed with an increase in net profit (NKB) and the scale of farming analyzed by determining the break even point of production (TIP) or break even point of price (TIH). The results showed that paddy farming as the leading commodity according agro ecological zones in Bantul is feasible and more optimal (R/C 2.17) than the non leading commodity (R/C 1.99). Paddy farming as the leading commodity according agro ecological zones can raise the net profit (NKB 1.13). Paddy farming as the leading commodity according agro ecological zones can provide benefits if the production is at least 2,729 kg/ha or the price is at least Rp. 1,643/kg.

scholarly journals Productivity, nutrient balance, and economics of monsoon rice under different nutrient management practices in two agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-40
Author(s):  
M.A.H.S. Jahan ◽  
Akbar Hossain ◽  
Jagadish Timsina ◽  
M.A.R. Sarkar ◽  
M. Salim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Abstract Inherently poor soil fertility and non-adoption of fertilizer recommendations based on soil test and yield targets by farmers limit the productivity and profitability from monsoon rice in Bangladesh and much of South Asia. In the Level Barind Tract (LBT; AEZ-25) and the High Ganges River Floodplain (HGR; AEZ-11) agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh, monsoon (aman/kharif) season transplanted rainfed rice (known as T. aman rice) is grown in large areas after maize, wheat and/or mungbeans, with residues of each crop removed from the field after grain harvest. This results in lower grain yield and lower profits in these AEZs as compared with other AEZs. Nutrient management, based on soil test, yield targets, or integrated use of inorganics and organics for each AEZ together with retention of crop residue, has the potential to increase rice yield, reduce production cost and increase income. With this hypothesis, this study was conducted to determine the optimum nutrient management practices for achieving higher yield, maintaining apparent soil nutrient balance, and obtaining high profits from monsoon rice. Twelve nutrient management options were evaluated, of which the first six were: (i) 80-16-44-12-2 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, S, Zn respectively for a high yield goal (T1; ‘HYG’); (ii) 56-12-32-8- 1.5 kg ha-1 respectively for a medium yield goal (T2; ‘MYG’); (iii) 65-13-32-9-2 kg ha-1 respectively plus 5 t ha-1 cowdung as integrated plant nutrient management system (T3, ‘IPNS’); (iv) 67-14-41-9-2 kg ha-1 respectively as a soil test-based fertilizer management strategy (T4; ‘STB’); (v) 40-9-11-0-0 kg ha-1 respectively as per farmers’ practice (T5; ‘FP’) and (vi) 0-0-0-0-0 kg ha-1 as a control (T6; ‘CON’). The remaining six treatments were the same as above but each also included the crop residue incorporation (CRI), i.e., (vii) T7, ‘HYG+CRI’; (viii) T8, ‘MYG+CRI’; (ix) T9, ‘IPNS+CRI’; (x) T10, ‘STB+CRI’; (xi) T11 ‘FP’+CRI’; and (xii) T12, ‘CON+CRI’. In both AEZs, STB plus CRI resulted in the highest rice yield (p≤0.05) followed by ‘STB’ and ‘IPNS+CRI’. In comparison with ‘FP’ and ‘CON’, each without CRI, balances were positive (p≤0.05) for P, S, Zn and B but were negative for N and K in ‘HYG’, ‘MYG’, ‘IPNS’ and ‘STB’ with or without CRI. In both AEZS, STB nutrient management had the highest (p≤0.05) net returns (526 & 487 US$ ha-1, respectively), highest benefit cost ratio (BCR; 3.54 & 3.36) and highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR; 10.47 & 10.19). These were followed by STB+CRI’ and ‘IPNS’, while they were lowest (p≤0.05) for CON and FP. We recommend that nutrient application, based on soil test with incorporation of mungbean residue, followed by IPNS, could be the best strategies for achieving high yield, improving soil fertility and for fetching a higher profit from monsoon rice in Bangladesh and similar soils and growing environments of South Asia.

scholarly journals Study on Profitability Using Modern Inputs against Traditional for Potato Production at Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
MM Haque ◽  
N Tabassum ◽  
NAME Kabir ◽  
S Akter ◽  
M Saha
Keyword(s):  
Potato Production ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Traditional Practices ◽  
Piedmont Plain ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Unit Yield ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

The study on Economics Faculty in using modern inputs against traditional inputs and practices for potato production were conducted in the different agro-ecological zones and agro-climatic locations of Bangladesh during 2011-2012. The aim of the study was how to enrich the knowledge of farmers and traders by the use of modern inputs (fertilizers, green pesticides and micronutrients) for potato production and management technologies. A total number of 150 farmers were randomly selected from Rangpur, Thakurgaon, and Comilla regions under agro-ecological zones of Tista Meander Floodplain, Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain and Middle Meghna River Floodplain respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to measure the effect of various factors on potato production. The factors of production considered in this study were land preparation, labor cost, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation and land use cost. The cost was comparatively low in modern practices than higher in traditional practices as it was mainly due to adoption of recommended technology, appropriate dose and time in case of modern inputs and practices whereas non-recommended technology, higher dose of inputs adopted in traditional practices. The out-put in-terms of per unit yield was found 26 t ha-1 in modern practices but 24 t ha-1 in traditional practices. The net profit was significantly higher in modern practices than traditional practices; the net profit in modern practices was found at Rangpur Tk 98,079, Thakurgaon Tk 72, 741 and Comilla Tk 46, 950. It transpires from the study that the farmers would be economically benefitted if they use modern inputs; adopt technologies and practices in terms of using quality seed of improved varieties at recommended dose and time of use of fertilizers and pesticides, timely application of irrigation and appropriate crop management including weeding and other practices.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 83-87 2015

scholarly journals ANALISIS FINANSIAL USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN NILA(Oreochromis niloticus) PADA KARAMBA JARING TANCAP DI DESA ERIS KECAMATAN ERIS KABUPATEN MINAHASA PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1113
Author(s):  
Gabrielle F. Selaindoong ◽  
Nurdin Jusuf ◽  
Lexy K. Rarung
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini menganalisis secara finansial dan menentukan usaha budidaya ikan nila di Karamba Jaring TancapDesa Eris Kecamatan Eris Kabupeten Minahasa layak atau tidak. Desa Eris Kecamatan Eris Kabupaten Minahasa salah satu desa yang terletak disekitar Danau Tondano yang menjadi tempat usaha pembesaran budidaya ikan nila(Oreochromis niloticus) dengan menggunakan media karamba jaring tancap. Usaha ini sudah berkembang dan berjalan cukup lama hingga sekarang. Sehubungan dengan semakin meningkatnya produksi ikan maka para pembudidaya perlu mengembangkan usaha budidaya ikan nila tersebut dengan sebaik mungkin agar pembudidaya tidak mengalami kerugian, untuk itu diperlukan suatu analisis kelayakan usaha tersebut.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus, dimana pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, yaitu teknik pengambilan sampel data dengan pertimbangan pembudidaya adalah pemilik usaha yang bekerja langsung dalam usaha tersebut. Responden yang diambil adalah 25 orang.Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Observasi, wawancara dan studi pustaka.Analisis finansial yang digunakan yaitu,Operating profit, Net profit, Profit Rate, Benefit Cost Ratio, Rentabilitas, Break Even Point, dan Payback Period.Berdasarkan hasil analisis secara finansial dari usaha karamba jaring tancap mendapatkan bahwa usaha layak dijalankan karena nilai operating profit yaituRp. 419.900.000. Profit rate dari usaha tersebut mempunyai kemampuan untuk menghasilkan keuntungan mencapai 40% dari seluruh biaya yang dikeluarkan. BCR > 1 yaitu, BCR 1,40 yang artinya usaha tersebut layak untuk dijalankan. Rentabilitas termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik  > 100 yaitu 245%. BEP atau titik impas untuk penjualanRP. 103.968.539 dan satuan 4.332 kg.Payback period, yaitu 4,8 bulan. Net profit sebesar Rp. 386.631.010.Saran yang dapat diberikan sebaiknya membuat pakan sendiri untuk menghemat biaya pengeluaran dan untuk mendapatkan harga yang lebih baikperlu melakukan promosi dan bisa mencari pasar untuk [email protected]

scholarly journals ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA BUDI DAYA IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) SISTEM KARAMBA JARING TANCAP DI DESA PASLATEN KECAMATAN REMBOKEN KABUPATEN MINAHASA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Injilly V. Wowor ◽  
Jeannette F. Pangemanan ◽  
Vonne Lumenta
Keyword(s):  
Payback Period ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Net Cages ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Village

Abstract This study aims to determine the feasibility of cultivation of Tilapia system net cages step in the Village Paslaten District of Remboken Minahasa based business feasibility analysis net cages step for determining operating profit (OP), net profit (π), the profit rate (PR), benefit cost ratio (BCR), profitability, break-even point (BEP) and payback period (PP). The results of the business analysis system aquaculture net cages Paslaten step in the Village District of Remboken eligible to run for Value operating profit (OP) is Rp. 73.564 million. Value of net profit or Rp absolute advantage. 65,994,296. Profit rate (PR) of 98.45%. The value of the benefit cost ratio (BCR) more than 1 is 1.98. Business profitability into the category of nice because more than 100%, ie 166%. Break even point sales of Rp. 13,517,328 and BEP unit 540 kg with a payback period of 7.2 months or seven months and six days. Based on these calculations, the business system Tilapia aquaculture net cages Paslaten step in the Village District of Remboken feasible. Keywords : cultivation, net cages, feasibility, financial   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha budi daya ikan Nila sistem karamba jaring tancap di Desa Paslaten Kecamatan Remboken Kabupaten Minahasa berdasarkan analisis kelayakan usaha karamba jaring tancap untuk menentukan operating profit (OP), net profit (π), profit rate (PR), benefit cost ratio (BCR), rentabilitas, break even point (BEP) dan payback period (PP). Hasil analisis usaha budi daya ikan sistem karamba jaring tancap di Desa Paslaten Kecamatan Remboken layak untuk dijalankan karena Nilai operating profit (OP) yaitu Rp. 73.564.000. Nilai net profit atau keuntungan absolut Rp. 65.994.296. Profit rate (PR) sebesar 98,45%. Nilai benefit cost ratio (BCR) lebih dari 1 yaitu 1,98. Rentabilitas usaha masuk dalam kategori baik sekali karena lebih dari 100% yaitu 166%. Break even point penjualan sebesar Rp. 13.517.328 dan BEP satuan 540 kg dengan jangka waktu pengembalian 7,2 bulan atau tujuh bulan enam hari. Berdasarkan perhitungan tersebut maka usaha budi daya ikan Nila sistem karamba jaring tancap di Desa Paslaten Kecamatan Remboken layak untuk dijalankan. Kata Kunci : budidaya, jaring tancap, kelayakan, finansial

scholarly journals ANALISIS USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN NILA PADA CV. TIGA MAS DI DESA TALAWAAN KECAMATAN TALAWAAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julita G.L. Pantow ◽  
Siti Suhaeni ◽  
Martha Wasak
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha budidaya ikan nila (oreochormis niloticus ) Pada CV. Tiga Mas Di Desa Talawaan Kecamatan Talawaan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara berdasarkan analisis kelayakan usaha untuk menentukan Operating Profit (OP), Net Profit (p ), Profit Rate (PR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Rentabilitas, Break Even Point (BEP), Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), dan Sensitivitas. Hasil analisis usaha budidaya ikan nila pada CV. Tiga Mas layak untuk dijalankan karena nilai OP mencapai Rp 350.064.000 ; NP sebesar Rp.108.826.500 ; PR mencapai 25,62% ; Nilai BCR 1,26%; nilai rentabilitas 37,92%; BEP atau titik impas penjualan Rp.365.511.364 dan BEP satuan 17.405 kg, dengan tingkat pengembalian investasi selama 2 tahun 9 bulan 4 hari. Hasil analisis diperoleh NPV 579.128.084,63, IRR 27,19% dan sensitivitas penurunan harga jual 19,01%, penurunan produksi 19,01% serta kenaikan variable cost 55,85%. Berdasarkan perhitungan tersebut makas usaha budidaya ikan nila pada CV. Tiga Mas layak untuk dijalankan. Kata kunci: budidaya, finansial, dan kelayakan

scholarly journals ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA BUDI DAYA IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) SISTEM KARAMBA JARING TANCAP DI DESA PASLATEN KECAMATAN REMBOKEN KABUPATEN MINAHASA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Injili V. Wowor ◽  
Jeannette F. Pangemanan ◽  
Vonne Lumenta
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha budi daya ikan Nila sistem karamba jaring tancap di Desa Paslaten Kecamatan Remboken Kabupaten Minahasa berdasarkan analisis kelayakan usaha karamba jaring tancap untuk menentukan operating profit (OP), net profit (π), profit rate (PR), benefit cost ratio (BCR), rentabilitas, break even point (BEP) dan payback period (PP). Hasil analisis usaha budi daya ikan sistem karamba jaring tancap di Desa Paslaten Kecamatan Remboken layak untuk dijalankan karena Nilai operating profit (OP) yaitu Rp. 73.564.000. Nilai net profit atau keuntungan absolut Rp. 65.994.296. Profit rate (PR) sebesar 98,45%. Nilai benefit cost ratio (BCR) lebih dari 1 yaitu 1,98. Rentabilitas usaha masuk dalam kategori baik sekali karena lebih dari 100% yaitu 166%. Break even point penjualan sebesar Rp. 13.517.328 dan BEP satuan 540 kg dengan jangka waktu pengembalian 7,2 bulan atau tujuh bulan enam hari. Berdasarkan perhitungan tersebut maka usaha budi daya ikan Nila sistem karamba jaring tancap di Desa Paslaten Kecamatan Remboken layak untuk dijalankan.Kata Kunci : budidaya, jaring tancap, kelayakan, finansial

scholarly journals ANALISIS FINANSIAL USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN KUWE (CARANX SP) KERAMBA JARING TANCAP DI KELURAHAN BATULUBANG KOTA BITUNG

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeilina Bawia ◽  
Steelma V. Rantung ◽  
Jardie A. Andaki
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Profit Rate ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost

Abstract This study reviews the potential development project of Giant Trevally fish farming in Pen Culture seen from the financial aspect in the Batulubang village, Bitung City. This study aims to determine the feasibility of Giant Trevally fish farming in Pen Culture in the Batulubang Village Bitung City by using financial analysis. The calculation result includes the financial aspects of the calculation of operating profit (OP) of Rp.60.435.500, can be used for the next production costs, net profit Rp.51.435.833, so that continuity can be guaranteed because the gains are positive, the profit rate of 103.72% so that the business carried on quite profitable, earnings amounted to 260.63% indicates the ability of farmers to investments available to generate very good profits, benefit cost ratio (B / C Ratio) of more than one is 2.04 then this business is feasible, Break Even Point (BEP) sales of Rp.15.043.994 or BEP unit amounted to 334.31 Kg for Pen Culture cultivation relatively can be achieved, Return On Investment (ROI) is 0.38 years, or 4.6 month. The calculations show that Giant Trevally Fish cultivation using Pen Culture in the Batulubang village Bitung City is financially viable. Key words : Financial Analysis, Giant Trevally Fish, Pen Culture, Batulubang Village Abstrak Penelitian ini mengkaji potensi pengembangan proyek usaha budidaya ikan kuwe dalam keramba jaring tancap dilihat dari aspek finansial di kelurahan Batulubang Kota Bitung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha budidaya ikan kuwe keramba jaring tancap di Kelurahan Batulubang Kota Bitung dengan menggunakan analisis finansial. Hasil perhitungan aspek finansial meliputi perhitungan nilai operating profit (OP) sebesar Rp.60.435.500, dapat digunakan untuk biaya produksi berikutnya, net profit sebesar Rp.51.435.833, sehingga dapat dijamin keberlangsungannya karena keuntungan bersifat positif, profit rate sebesar 103,72% sehingga usaha yang dijalankan cukup menguntungkan, rentabilitas sebesar 260,63% menunjukkan kemampuan pembudidaya dengan investasi yang tersedia untuk menghasilkan keuntungan sangat baik, Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio) lebih dari satu yaitu 2,04 maka usaha ini layak dilaksanakan, Break Even Point (BEP) penjualan sebesar Rp.15.043.994 atau BEP satuan sebesar 334,31 Kg untuk usaha budidaya keramba jaring tancap relatif dapat dicapai, jangka waktu pengembalian investasi atau Return Of Investment (ROI) adalah 0,38 tahun atau 4,6 bulan. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa usaha budidaya ikan Kuwe dengan menggunakan Keramba Jaring Tancap di kelurahan Batulubang Kota Bitung secara finansial layak dijalankan. Kata Kunci : Analisis Finansial, Ikan Kuwe, Keramba Jaring Tancap, Kelurahan Batulubang

ANALISIS USAHATANI PADI SAWAH DAN USAHATANI KEDELAI DI KECAMATAN BERBAK KABUPATEN TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Satryawan ◽  
Emy Kernalis ◽  
Arnoldy Arby
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Benefit Cost

Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk; 1) mengetahui kondisi usahatani padi sawah dan usahatani kedelai; 2) biaya, penerimaan dan pendapatan usahatani padi sawah dan usahatani kedelai; 3) kelayakan dari usahatani padi sawah dan usahatani kedelai di Kelurahan Simpang Kecamatan Berbak Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur..Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari rata-rata produksi 616,335 Kg per hektar pada usahatani padi sawah dan pada usahatani kedelai rata-rata produksi sebesar 1.113,592 Kg per hektar. Rata-rata pendapatan yang diperoleh dari usahatani padi sawah sebesar Rp. 470.494,01 per hektar dan dari usahatani kedelai adalah Rp. 3.105.018,63 per hektar. Dari usahatani padi sawah didapatkan pendapatan kerja petani sebesar Rp.1.981.662,01 per hektar, penghasilan kerja petani Rp. 3.153.177,16 per hektar serta pendapatan kerja keluarga sebesar Rp. 3.171.965,04 per hektar. Sedangkan pada usahatani kedelai, pendapatan kerja petani yang diperoleh adalah Rp.4.922.739,387 per hektar, penghasilan kerja petani Rp. 6.079.579,009 per hektar serta pendapatan kerja keluarga sebesar Rp. 6.116.135,613 per hektar. Dari analisa kelayakan menggunakan Revenue Cost Ratio, Benefit Cost Ratio dan Break Even Point dapat dikatakan bahwa usahatani padi sawah dan usahatani kedelai yang diusahakan petani menguntungkan dan layak untuk diusahakan serta dikembangkan. Kata Kunci :Usahatani,Pendapatan, Kelayakan

scholarly journals Towards Understanding Variability in Droughts in Response to Extreme Climate Conditions over the Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6910
Author(s):  
Adil Dilawar ◽  
Baozhang Chen ◽  
Arfan Arshad ◽  
Lifeng Guo ◽  
Muhammad Irfan Ehsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Here, we provided a comprehensive analysis of long-term drought and climate extreme patterns in the agro ecological zones (AEZs) of Pakistan during 1980–2019. Drought trends were investigated using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at various timescales (SPEI-1, SPEI-3, SPEI-6, and SPEI-12). The results showed that droughts (seasonal and annual) were more persistent and severe in the southern, southwestern, southeastern, and central parts of the region. Drought exacerbated with slopes of −0.02, −0.07, −0.08, −0.01, and −0.02 per year. Drought prevailed in all AEZs in the spring season. The majority of AEZs in Pakistan’s southern, middle, and southwestern regions had experienced substantial warming. The mean annual temperature minimum (Tmin) increased faster than the mean annual temperature maximum (Tmax) in all zones. Precipitation decreased in the southern, northern, central, and southwestern parts of the region. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a robust increase in temperature extremes with a variance of 76% and a decrease in precipitation extremes with a variance of 91% in the region. Temperature and precipitation extremes indices had a strong Pearson correlation with drought events. Higher temperatures resulted in extreme drought (dry conditions), while higher precipitation levels resulted in wetting conditions (no drought) in different AEZs. In most AEZs, drought occurrences were more responsive to precipitation. The current findings are helpful for climate mitigation strategies and specific zonal efforts are needed to alleviate the environmental and societal impacts of drought.

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