scholarly journals مواقف ابن قدامة تجاه آراء المعتزلة الأصولية من خلال كتاب روضة الناظر وجنة المناظر

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Muhammad Subhi Afriyanto ◽  
Muhammad Muinudinillah Basri

This publication discusses the thought of ushul fiqh Mu’tazilah in the book of Raudhot an-Nadzir wa Jannat al-Manadzir written by Ibnu Qudamah. The book is the summary of Al Mustashfa written by Imam Al Ghozali. Al Mustasfha contains diction which is not easily understood. It relates with the method used by Imam Al Ghazali namely method of Al-Mutakallimin. Therefore, book of Raudhot an-Nadzir wa Jannat al-Manadzir discusses the thought of ushul fiqh Mu’tazilah. The method of the research was qualitative method. It can be identified that Ibnu Qudamah adopts the thought of Al Ghozali without putting down his name in his book. In this book, Ibnu Qudamah sometimes has the same and different opinion with Al Ghozali. However, they also have same thought with different sampling cases. The thought of ushul fiqh Mu’tazilah influences the method of contemporary ushul fiqh. One of the influences is a human freedom to do ijtihad with the right to create their own fate. There is also a difference between old and new Mu’tazilah.  In the old perspective, the law consideration is about God (theocentric). Meanwhile, in the new perspective, the law consideration is about human (anthropocentric) يبحث في هذه النشرة عن آراء المعتزلة الأصولية التي أوردتها ابن قدامة خلال كتابه روضة الناظر وجنة المناظر لما كان هذا الكتاب مختصرا من كتاب المستصفى في علم الأصول لأبي حامد الغزالي فقد عرض كثير من عبارته بغموض وإبهام. هذا لا يخرج عن كون الغزالي نهج منهج المتكلمين في كتابة المستصفى. لهذا قد تميز روضة الناظر بآراء المعتزلة الأصولية. سلك الباحث منهج كيفي تبين من البحث أن ابن قدامة مهما كان أخذ كثير من آراء الغزالي في كتابه، وهو لم يذكر اسم الغزالي قط خلال كتابه، وافق الغزالي تارة وخالفه تارة، أو وافقه في المعنى وخالفه في الأمثلة. وآراء المعتزلة الأصولية لها تأثير كبير في مناهج الأصولية المعاصرة، منها أن باب الاجتهاد فتح بشكل واسع للحرية الأفعال الإنسانية، وجود الفروق بين مبنى الفكرة المعتزلة القدماء بمن يدعى أنه المعتزلة بثوبها الجديد. أن المعتزلة القدماء يجعلون الإله محور كل شيء، أما المعتزلة المعاصرة فإنهم جعلوا الإنسان محور كل شيء.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Agusniar Basoddin ◽  
Yulia A. Hasan ◽  
Zulkifli Makkawaru

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tentang status harta pada perkawinan siri dan penyelesaian sengketa harta kekayaan pada perkawinan siri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, yang bersumber dari data responden, pembagian angket dan wawancara serta  bahan-bahan dari pustaka yang berlaku dan berkaitan dengan status harta kekayaan pada perkawinan siri yang terjadi di Dusun Taipalampang Kecamatan Bontoramba Kabupaten Jeneponto. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa fenomena perkawinan siri yang terjadi pada Dusun Taipalampang bisa menimbulkan  berbagai macam permasalahan dari aspek hukum dan lingkungan masyarakat. Perkawinan siri menurut Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Perkawinan No 1 Tahun 1974, perkawinan yang  sah adalah perkawinan yang dilakukan menurut hukumnya masing-masing agama dan kepercayaannya. Pada pasal tersebut undang-undang perkawinan menyerahkan syarat sahnya perkawinan dilihat dari sudut agama. pada perkawinan siri terdapat cacat administrasi karena pada pasal 2 ayat (2) UUP  dijelaskan bahwa tiap-tiap perkawinan dicatat menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku sehingga apabila terjadi permasalahan pada sengketa perkawinan dapat diselesaikan dengan berdasarkan hukum yang berlaku. Diketahui bahwa pencatatan perkawinan merupakan salah satu bukti konkrit yang dapat digunakan untuk membuktikan apakah benar telah terjadi perkawinan, dengan adanya pencatatan juga memudahkan Pengadilan Agama menyelesaikan sengketa harta kekayaan apabila terjadi perceraian. Karena pada perkawinan siri tersebut sulit untuk menentukan status harta kekayaan dalam hukum apabila perkawinan tidak tercatat. This study aims to identify the status of property in unregistered marriage “nikah siri” and dispute resolution property on the unregistered marriage. This study uses a qualitative method, which is sourced from the data of respondents, the distribution of questionnaires and interviews as well as materials from the literature, which are valid and related to the status of property on unregistered marriage that happens in Taipalampang, Bontoramba District, Jeneponto Regency. The results of this study show that the phenomenon of “nikah siri” which happens in Taipalampang can cause a variety of problems from the aspect of law and society. Unregistered marriage, according to Article 2, paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law No. 1 Year 1974, a legal marriage is a marriage conducted according to the law of each religion and beliefs. In the chapter of the laws of marriage handed over the terms of the validity of a marriage is seen from the angle of religion. On Unregistered marriage, there are defects in administration because article 2, paragraph (2) UUP explains that every marriage is recorded according to the laws and regulations that apply so that in case of problems in a marital dispute can be resolved with the under applicable law. Be aware that the registration of marriage is one of the concrete pieces of evidence that can be used to prove whether the right has occurred to the marriage, with the recording also facilitating Religious Court resolve the dispute assets if they divorce. Because ‘nikah siri” is difficult to determine the status of the assets in the law if the marriage is unregistered.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-137
Author(s):  
Roger W. H. Savage

Hannah Arendt’s claim that thinking is the last defense against the moral outrages of criminal political regimes sets the problematic of good and evil in relief. Human freedom, Paul Ricœur reminds us, is responsible for evil. The avowal of the evil of violence is thus the condition of our consciousness of the freedom to act anew.Aesthetic experience’s lateral transposition onto the planes of ethics and politics highlights our capacity to respond to exigencies in apposite ways.  Exemplary representations of the good, the right, and the justexpress a desire for being. Eros is accordingly the law of every work, word, deed, or act that answers to a difficulty, challenge, or crisis. Bound to living experiences, thought attains its true height through interrogating, demystifying, and vacating frozen norms, standards, and mores. Judgment actualizes thought’s liberating effects in answer to the demands of the situations in which we find ourselves.


Sains Insani ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Mustafa Mat Jubri Shamsuddin

Ibadah Haji adalah rukun Islam kelima, manakala ibadah Umrah adalah salah satu ibadah yang sangat dituntut dalam Islam. Kedua-dua ibadah ini adalah hak Allah ke atas setiap muslim yang berkemampuan, dan dari sudut yang lain ia juga merupakan hak semua muslim untuk melakukannya. Memandangkan pelaksanaan kedua-dua ibadah ini melibatkan aspek-aspek yang pelbagai seperti keselamatan dan kesihatan, maka pihak yang bertanggungjawab dalam menguruskannya telah meletakkan beberapa syarat tambahan, di samping syarat-syarat yang telah diletakkan oleh Syarak. Antara syarat-syarat tambahan ini ialah, larangan mengerjakan haji atau umrah tanpa melalui agensi pengelola yang sah. Kajian ini bertujuan menilai syarat larangan ini dari sudut syarak, dengan menekankan aspek kemaslahatan dan kemudaratan. Kajian ini mengandungi tiga perbahasan utama, dengan perbahasan pertamanya menjurus kepada pengenalan tajuk kajian dan pengertian beberapa istilah yang digunakan. Perbahasan kedua pula menyoroti latar belakang hukum larangan ini, manakala perbahasan ketiga membincangkan penilaian hukum larangan tersebut menurut konsep Maslahah. Kajian ini akan menggunakan metod kualitatif dengan menjadikan kaedah-kaedah syarak secara umumnya dan konsep Maslahah secara khususnya sebagai sandaran dalam menilai sejauh mana larangan mengerjakan Haji dan Umrah tanpa melalui agensi pengelola menepati Syarak. Abstract: Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam, while Umrah is considered among the highly encouraged deeds in Islam. Both worships are considered as the right of Allah upon every Muslim who are able to perform them while every Muslim has the right to go to Hajj and Umrah. Considering that, the practice of these worships involves various aspects such as security and health, the responsible party has imposed additional conditions to those who are willing to perform Hajj or Umrah including to use an operating agencies, which are recognized by the Saudi government. This study aimed to evaluate condition of restriction in the view of Shariah, by emphasizing the comparison between Maslahah (interest) and Mafsadah (harm). This study consists of three main discussions, which focuses on defining the terminologies, highlights the historical background of this restriction, and discusses the Islamic ruling of this restriction based on the concept of Maslahah. This study relies on the qualitative method by utilizing the concept of Maslahah in evaluating this restriction.


Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  

The article presents the conceptual foundations of bringing judges to civil and legal liability. It was found that the civil and legal liability of judges is one of the types of legal liability of judges. It is determined that the legislation of Ukraine provides for a clearly delineated list of the main cases (grounds) for which the state is liable for damages for damage caused to a legal entity and an individual by illegal actions of a judge as a result of the administration of justice. It has been proved that bringing judges to civil and legal liability, in particular on the basis of the right of recourse, provides for the payment of just compensation in accordance with the decision of the European Court of Human Rights. It was established that the bringing of judges to civil and legal liability in Ukraine is regulated by such legislative documents as the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Explanatory Note to the European Charter on the Status of Judges (Model Code), the Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges», the Law of Ukraine «On the procedure for compensation for harm caused to a citizen by illegal actions of bodies carrying out operational-search activities, pre-trial investigation bodies, prosecutors and courts», Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional submission of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of certain provisions of Article 2, paragraph two of clause II «Final and transitional provisions» of the Law of Ukraine «On measures to legislatively ensure the reform of the pension system», Article 138 of the Law of Ukraine «On the judicial system and the status of judges» (the case on changes in the conditions for the payment of pensions and monthly living known salaries of judges lagging behind in these), the Law of Ukraine «On the implementation of decisions and the application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights».


Author(s):  
ARTAN QERKINI

The market economy and changes within Republic of Kosovo’s legal system, which imposed the need of legal changes within the field of contested procedure also, have caused this procedure to become more efficient vis-à-vis legal provisions which were in force until October 6th 2008. Through the Law on Contested Procedure (hereinafter “LCP”), the legislator has aimed, inter alia, to make the contested procedure more concentrated, and thus, more efficient. In this regard, the Kosovar legislator has determined that it is mandatory for the parties to present any and all relevant evidence for resolving the dispute until the preparatory session, and in the event that one was not held, until the first main hearing session. As an exception, the parties may present relevant evidence even after this stage of proceedings, provided that their failure to present said evidence no later than at the preparatory session, respectively first main hearing session, was through no fault of their own. I consider that these legislative amendments are vital to ensuring practical implementation of the principle of efficience in the contested procedure.


Jurnal Hukum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1833
Author(s):  
Rihantoro Bayu Aji

 AbstractActually the existence of foreign investment in Indonesia is not new phenomenon, due to foreign investment exist since colonialism era.The existence of foreign investment is still continuing to Soeharto era until reformation era. Spirit of foreign investment in colonialism era, Soharto era, and reformation era are different. Foreign investment in colonialsm era just explore of nation asset and ignore of nation welfare, and this matter is different from the character of foreign investment in Soeharto era also reformation era. Eventhough the involvement of foreign investor have any benefits to the host country, but on the other hand foreign investment have business oriented only whether the investment is secure and may result of profit. Refer to The Law Number 25 Year of 2007 Concerning Investment (hereinafter called UUPM) can not be separated from various interest that become of politic background of the law, even the law tend to liberalism of investment. Liberalism in the investment sector particularly of foreign investment basically exist far from issuing of UUPM, and the spirit of liberalism also stipulate in several rules among others The Law Number 5 Year of 1999 Concerning Prohibitation of Anti Trust and Unfair Competition, The Law Number 22 Year of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas, The Law Number 7 Year of 2004 Concerning Water Resource, and also The Law Number 30 Year of 2009 Concerning Electricity.   Many rules as mentioned above has liberalism character and also indicator opposite wit the right to manage of the state to nation asset that relate to public interest as stipulated in the Indonesia Constitution. Actually the issuing of UUPM in case of implementation of article 33 Indonesia Constitution (UUD NRI 1945). Due to opportunity by Government to foreign investment as stipulate by article 12 UUPM and also the existence of many rules as well as The Law Number 5 Year of 1999 Concerning Prohibitation of Anti Trust and Unfair Competition, The Law Number 22 Year of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas, The Law Number 7 Year of 2004 Concerning Water Resource, and also The Law Number 30 Year of 2009 Concerning Electricity, so the foreign investment that relate to public service is more exist in Indonesia. The existence is reflected many foreign companies. Free of foreign investment relate to public service is opposite with spirit of article 33 Indonesia Constitution. Keywords: Foreign Investment, Right of  State, Article 33 Indonesia Consitution AbstrakEksistensi penanaman modal asing (investasi asing) di Indonesia sebenarnya bukan merupakan fenomena baru di Indonesia, mengingat modal asing telah hadir di Indonesia sejak zaman kolonial dahulu.   Eksistensi penanaman modal asing terus berlanjut pada era orde baru sampai dengan era reformasi. Tentunya semangat penanaman modal asing pada saat era kolonial, era orde baru, dan era reformasi adalah berbeda. Penanaman modal asing pada saat era kolonial memiliki karakter eksploitatif atas aset bangsa dan mengabaikan kesejahteraan rakyat, hal ini tentunya berbeda dengan karakter penanaman modal asing pada era orde baru, dan era reformasi. Sekalipun kehadiran investor membawa manfaat bagi negara penerima modal, di sisi lain investor yang hendak menanamkan modalnya juga tidak lepas dari orientasi bisnis (oriented business), apakah modal yang diinvestasikan aman dan bisa menghasilkan keuntungan. Melihat eksistensi Undang–Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal (UUPM) tidak dapat dilepaskan dari beragam kepentingan yang mendasari untuk diterbitkannya undang–undang tersebut, bahkan terdapat kecenderungan semangat dari UUPM lebih cenderung kepada liberalisasi investasi. Liberalisasi pada sektor investasi khususnya investasi asing pada dasarnya eksis jauh sebelum lahirnya UUPM ternyata juga tampak secara tersirat dalam beberapa peraturan perundang–undangan di Indonesia. Perundang–undangan tersebut antara lain Undang–Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Undang–Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, Undang–Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, dan Undang–Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan.Banyaknya peraturan perundang–undangan yang berkarakter liberal sebagaimana diuraikan di atas mengindikasikan bahwa hak menguasai negara atas aset bangsa yang berkaitan dengan hajat hidup orang banyak sebagaimana diamahkan oleh Undang–Undang Dasar 1945 (Konstitusi) mulai “dikebiri” dengan adanya undang–undang yang tidak selaras semangatnya. Padahal, UUPM diterbitkan dalam kerangka mengimplementasikan amanat Pasal 33 Undang–Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD NRI 1945). Dengan adanya peluang yang diberikan oleh pemerintah kepada investor asing sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 12 UUPM ditambah lagi dengan adanya Undang–Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Undang–Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, Undang–Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air, dan Undang–Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan, maka investasi asing yang berhubungan dengan cabang– cabang yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak semakin eksis di Indonesia. Terbukanya investasi asing atas cabang–cabang produksi yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak tentunya hal ini bertentangan dengan konsep hak menguasai negara sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 33 UUD NRI 1945. Kata Kunci: Investasi Asing, Hak Menguasai Negara, Pasal 33 UUD NRI Tahun          1945


2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-176
Author(s):  
Andrew J Serpell

Payday loans are small-amount, short-term, unsecured, high-cost credit contracts provided by non-mainstream credit providers. Payday loans are usually taken out to help the consumer pay for essential items, such as food, rent, electricity, petrol, broken-down appliances or car registration or repairs. These consumers take out payday loans because they cannot — or believe that they cannot — obtain a loan from a mainstream credit provider such as a bank. In recent years there has been a protracted debate in Australia — and in several overseas jurisdictions — about how to regulate the industry. Recent amendments to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth) — referred to in this article as the 2013 reforms — are designed to better protect payday loan consumers. While the 2013 reforms provide substantially improved protection for payday loan consumers, further changes to the law may be warranted. This article raises several law reform issues which should be considered as part of the 2015 review into small amount credit contracts, including whether the caps on the cost of credit are set at the right level, whether the required content and presentation of the consumer warnings needs to be altered, whether more needs to be done to protect consumers who are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable and whether a general anti-avoidance provision should be included in the credit legislation.


Author(s):  
Mark McClish

In Indic thought, the daṇḍa (“staff”) represented the king’s use of violence for the purpose of governance. His right and obligation as daṇḍadhara (“wielder of the staff”) to punish those deemed deserving of punishment under the law defined the king’s role in the legal system. In this sense, daṇḍa represented the legalization of domination, in which state violence was reckoned as just punishment. But the king was not the only one with a recognized right to punish. This chapter explores how daṇḍa was used to articulate and legitimize relations of domination within the legal imagination of Dharmaśāstra. It asks, in particular, who is conferred the right to punish and how much?


Author(s):  
Chen Lei

This chapter examines the position of third party beneficiaries in Chinese law. Article 64 of the Chinese Contract Law states that where a contract for the benefit of a third party is breached, the debtor is liable to the creditor. The author regards this as leaving unanswered the question of whether the thirdparty has a right of direct action against the debtor. One view regards the third party as having the right to sue for the benefit although this right was ultimately excluded from the law. Another view, supported by the Supreme People’s Court, is that Article 64 does not provide a right of action for a third party and merely prescribes performance in ‘incidental’ third party contracts. The third view is that there is a third party right of action in cases of ‘genuine’ third party contracts but courts are unlikely to recognize a third party action where the contract merely purports to confer a benefit on the third party.


Author(s):  
Carla Ferstman

This chapter considers the consequences of breaches of human rights and international humanitarian law for the responsible international organizations. It concentrates on the obligations owed to injured individuals. The obligation to make reparation arises automatically from a finding of responsibility and is an obligation of result. I analyse who has this obligation, to whom it is owed, and what it entails. I also consider the right of individuals to procedures by which they may vindicate their right to a remedy and the right of access to a court that may be implied from certain human rights treaties. In tandem, I consider the relationship between those obligations and individuals’ rights under international law. An overarching issue is how the law of responsibility intersects with the specialized regimes of human rights and international humanitarian law and particularly, their application to individuals.


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