scholarly journals HORTAS URBANAS NO BRASIL: EVOLUÇÃO, DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-44
Author(s):  
Athayde Leite de Sá Filho ◽  
Mariana Gomes Kottas ◽  
José Edilson Dos Santos Júnior ◽  
Vivianni Marques Leite dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Gardens ◽  
Agricultural Matrix ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Population Planning ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The significant concentration of the world agricultural matrix in polluting sources and with prices subject to instabilities, such as pesticides, has increased the search of countries for alternative agroecological techniques, including urban gardens, as a way of increasing food and nutritional security in the country. population. Thus, through bibliographic research, the objective of this work consists of a descriptive narrative about the potential of urban agriculture, by studying the evolution, challenges and perspectives, consolidating itself in the Brazilian agroecological matrix and contributing in the long run to greater decentralization of food production with less dependence on pesticides. In this sense, Brazil, benefited by natural factors, has favorable conditions for the exploitation of this form of agriculture and experiences great evolution, with urban gardens being among the fastest growing in the country and being one of the most competitive sources of the Brazilian agroecological matrix. However, the need for incentive policies, awareness of the population, planning of farming spaces in urban environments, in addition to creating a new incentive policy for urban agriculture and making greater investments in research and development appear as important objectives to be achieved so that urban gardens can, in fact, consolidate themselves on the national scene.

When Vacant Lots Become Urban Gardens: Characterizing the Perceived and Actual Food Safety Concerns of Urban Agriculture in Ohio

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 2070-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHELLE L. KAISER ◽  
MICHELE L. WILLIAMS ◽  
NICHOLAS BASTA ◽  
MICHELLE HAND ◽  
SARAH HUBER
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Urban Gardens ◽  
Soil Contaminants ◽  
Improve Access

This study was intended to characterize the perceived risks of urban agriculture by residents of four low-income neighborhoods in which the potential exists for further urban agriculture development and to provide data to support whether any chemical hazards and foodborne pathogens as potential food safety hazards were present. Sixty-seven residents participated in focus groups related to environmental health, food security, and urban gardening. In addition, soils from six locations were tested. Residents expressed interest in the development of urban gardens to improve access to healthy, fresh produce, but they had concerns about soil quality. Soils were contaminated with lead (Pb), zinc, cadmium (Cd), and copper, but not arsenic or chromium. Results from our study suggest paint was the main source of soil contamination. Detectable polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in urban soils were well below levels of concern. These urban soils will require further management to reduce Pb and possibly Cd bioavailability to decrease the potential for uptake into food crops. Although the number of locations in this study is limited, results suggest lower levels of soil contaminants at well-established gardens. Soil tillage associated with long-term gardening could have diluted the soil metal contaminants by mixing the contaminants with clean soil. Also, lower PAH levels in long-term gardening could be due to enhanced microbial activity and PAH degradation, dilution, or both due to mixing, similar to metals. No foodborne pathogen targets were detected by PCR from any of the soils. Residents expressed the need for clearness regarding soil quality and gardening practices in their neighborhoods to consume food grown in these urban areas. Results from this study suggest long-term gardening has the potential to reduce soil contaminants and their potential threat to food quality and human health and to improve access to fresh produce in low-income urban communities.

Literature Review on the Incentive Policies to Promote the Development of Green Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 2785-2792
Author(s):  
Ge Liu ◽  
Xue Li
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Incentive Mechanism ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Government Function ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
External Economy

This paper examined green building incentive policies in both China and the overseas from research and implementation. Based on analyzing overseas green building incentive policies, we can conclude that incentive policy for green building is advanced. Domestic researchers have conducted research from the perspectives of government function, external economy, comparison with foreign policies, supply and demand. This paper reviewed the implementation of green building incentive policies in China. We conclude that the policies and regulations in promoting green building development in China need to be developed. Finally, according to the development of green building in China, further research is needed on developing a system of incentive mechanism and evaluating the effect of incentive.

scholarly journals Assistance in reporting individual tax returns after the tax incentive policy in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 1388-1394
Author(s):  
Umi Nandiroh ◽  
Hariri Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
The Way

The tax incentive policy in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on changing the way the year-end tax calculation and annual tax returns are filled out. In fact, many taxpayers do not understand how to calculate and report annual taxes. Therefore, this community service is intended to provide solutions to the difficulties experienced by taxpayers, through assistance in reporting individual tax returns after tax incentive policies. This activity is entitled 'TC Mengabdi'. TC Mengabdi recruits Unisma Faculty of Economics and Business students with certain criteria. TC Serving members are selected and briefed according to the standards of the Directorate General of Taxes, before being given field assignments to provide socialization and education to taxpayers. The TC Serving team is stationed at KPP Batu and the Unisma Tax Center. This activity has served and assisted around 4,000 taxpayers in Malang Raya. Through the TC Serving program, taxpayers are greatly assisted in fulfilling their tax obligations, starting from calculating, paying, and reporting taxes.

scholarly journals Cities4ZERO: Overcoming Carbon Lock-in in Municipalities through Smart Urban Transformation Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koldo Urrutia-Azcona ◽  
Merit Tatar ◽  
Patricia Molina-Costa ◽  
Iván Flores-Abascal
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Strategic Approach

How can local authorities effectively address the decarbonization of urban environments in the long run? How would their interests and expertise be aligned into an integrated approach towards decarbonization? This paper delves into how strategic processes can help to integrate diverse disciplines and stakeholders when facing urban decarbonization and presents Cities4ZERO, a step-by-step methodology for local authorities, able to guide them through the process of developing the most appropriate plans and projects for an effective urban transition; all from an integrated, participatory and cross-cutting planning approach. For the development of the Cities4ZERO methodology, plans, projects, and strategic processes from five European cities that are part of the Smart Cities and Communities European Commission program have been monitored for 4 years, in close collaboration with local authorities, analyzing ad-hoc local strategic approaches to determine key success factors and barriers to be considered from their transitioning experiences. The study indicates that an iterative strategic approach and a project-oriented vision, combined with a stable institutional commitment, are opening a window of opportunity for cities to achieve effective decarbonization.

Rethinking Incentive Policy for Building Energy Efficiency

2011 ◽  
Vol 374-377 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Cong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
Financial Subsidy

Nowadays in the process of formulating and implementing laws or regulations in our country, the existing problem is a lack of an effective mechanism. From incentive policies for building energy efficiency, we can choose economic levers and policy instruments, such as price, tax, financial subsidy, interest rate and so on. The article puts forward suggestion in principle and ensures the development road is applicable to ordinary people, suitable for the sustainable utilization of energy and the harmonious development of society.

Renewable Hydrogen From the Zn/ZnO Solar Thermochemical Cycle: A Cost and Policy Analysis

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia F. Haltiwanger ◽  
Jane H. Davidson ◽  
Elizabeth J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Methane Reforming ◽  
Thermochemical Cycle ◽  
Steam Methane ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Incentive Policies ◽  
Renewable Hydrogen

Flexible energy carriers are a crucial element of our energy portfolio. In a future in which a significant fraction of our energy comes from renewable sources, renewably produced fuels will be vital. The zinc/zinc-oxide thermochemical redox cycle is one approach for producing hydrogen using solar energy. This paper explores the level of carbon taxation necessary to make the cycle competitive with hydrogen production via methane reforming. In addition, the time frame for economic viability is assessed through the use of experience curves under minimal input, mid-range, and aggressive incentive policy scenarios. Prior work projects that hydrogen produced by the zinc/zinc-oxide cycle will cost between $5.02 and $14.75/kg, compared to $2.40 to $3.60/kg for steam methane reforming. Overcoming this cost difference would require a carbon tax of $119 to $987/tCO2, which is significantly higher than is likely to be implemented in most countries. For the technology to become cost competitive, incentive policies that lead to early implementation of solar hydrogen plants will be necessary to allow the experience effect to draw down the price. Under such policies, a learning curve analysis suggests that hydrogen produced via the Zn/ZnO cycle could become economically viable between 2032 and 2069, depending on how aggressively the policies encourage the emerging technology. Thus, the Zn/ZnO cycle has the potential to be economically viable by mid-century if incentive policies—such as direct financial support, purchase guarantees, low interest rate loans, and tax breaks—are used to support initial projects.

scholarly journals What Constraints the Expansion of Urban Agriculture in Benin?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5774
Author(s):  
Mawuna Donald Houessou ◽  
Mirte van de Louw ◽  
Ben G. J. S. Sonneveld
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Urban Gardens ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Depth Interviews

Propelled by rapid urbanization, city administrations in low- and middle-income countries face a raft of challenges to secure food and nutrition for its poor urban dwellers. Urban agriculture (UA) seems a viable intervention to address urban food insecurity, however, experience has shown that urban gardens do not expand at the expected rate. Tackling this issue requires a deeper understanding of the main constraints that block UA expansion. Benin is not an exception; the country witnesses a breathtaking growth of its main cities that is in synchronization with a mounting food insecurity. Our research aims, therefore, to identify the main constraints for the expansion of UA in Benin, and adopt a three-pronged approach combined with a systematic literature review, a survey held among experienced urban gardeners, and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Altogether, the synthesis shows a predominance of five main constraints: lack of land and tenure insecurity, insufficient government support, restricted market access, limited access to productive factors, and inequality issues. Specifically, while the review showed that most barriers are linked and could be tackled together, the survey indicated a political unwillingness which in our in-depth interviews is explained by the unperceived benefits of investing in UA and the lack of enforcement of urban development plans. We suggest that Beninese authorities and academics move in synchronization where the former coordinates the planning of urban gardens and the latter provides evidence to trigger public and private investments in UA. The findings could be the basis for further research on UA in West Africa and the wider continent.

scholarly journals Technical Efficiency and Super-efficiency of the Insurance Sector in Slovakia

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 2205-2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emília Zimková
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Super Efficiency ◽  
Insurance Sector ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Dea Models ◽  
Radial Model

In this paper, the technical efficiency and the super-efficiency of a representative sample of insurance institutions in Slovakia is analyzed with the aid of data envelopment analysis (DEA). This paper differs from the so far published literature, as it extends the application of radial DEA models (the CCR model of Charnes, Cooper and Rodes; the BCC model of Banker, Charnes and Cooper) by a non-radial model (the SBM model of Tone) and a super-efficiency model. The supper-efficiency can be used either to rank efficient units or to indicate outliers in the analyzed group of decision making units. Achieved results also reveal that in the year 2013, among 13 Slovak insurance companies under evaluation, the AXA poisťovňa, a. s. was the super-efficient insurance company. The implications of gained results are then drawn for managerial and regulatory purposes. Firstly, it is shown how the management of the insurance institutions with the poorest performances should change their managerial procedures and adopt enhanced-incentive policy. Secondly, the regulatory body of the insurance institutions should utilize the gained technical efficiency of the analyzed institutions for the prediction of their competitiveness in the long run.

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