DOES THE POLICY OF FINANCIAL SUBSIDIES FOR AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE CONTRIBUTE TO ENSURING FOOD SECURITY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION? EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

China’s current agricultural policy includes a wide range of agricultural subsidies, but the overall effect and levels of protection are low. China’s continued use of agricultural subsidies to ensure national food security is important in the context of global poverty alleviation. We examine the effect of agricultural insurance financial subsidy policies on food security using a difference-in-difference model with data from 285 Chinese cities from 1978 to 2019. These agricultural insurance subsidies have a significant positive effect on food security, with the most noticeable improvements in the northeast region. Reform and redesign of the subsidy system for greater flexibility and coverage are needed to safeguard China’s food security.

Factors that the Effect of Social Welfare Service on Poor Family Stress Reduction

There is no choice for a person being born in a family. Currently, the situation of family poverty is getting serious. Lots of low-income population is children stuck in poverty. The weakness of family economy results in the bad development, e.g. low social economy, poverty, cultural capital, and family structure disadvantage, to affect children not receiving sufficient family resources in the enlightenment stage and being the inheritors of inter-generation poverty. Poverty gap drives clearer social stratification, and the adverse nature environment becomes a secret concern in children’ future development. Aiming at poor families in Hubei, as the questionnaire analysis objects, 280 copies of questionnaire are distributed, and 214 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 76%. The research results are summarized as below: Top five indicators, among 22, are sequenced in-kind subsidy, visit care, self-help groups, community activity, and sponsorship for education; Overall speaking, poor families receiving social welfare service show the highest satisfaction with financial subsidy; besides, sponsorship system is correlated with financial subsidy that poor families are satisfied with sponsorship system; Psychological behaviors involve in individual single parents and the children. Under the emphasis of single parents on the children and the support for single parents’ personal emotions, single parents are obviously satisfied with psychological behavior service. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected to benefit the government promoting various social welfare services to fully take care of public welfare and promote people’s quality of life.

Optimal Decision of Agricultural Machinery Product Quality under the Regulation of Government Subsidy Policy

Some studies have shown that financial subsidy can promote the technology or product innovation of enterprises, and then improve the product quality. However, in the market competition of subsidized and non-subsidized agricultural machinery products, it is of great practical significance to study whether the enterprises subsidized by the government will improve the product quality. Considering that government provides subsidies for agricultural machinery products, a decision- making model for quality of agricultural machinery manufacturers is established. The relationship between government subsidy and quality of agricultural machinery products is analysed by numerical examples. Results show that the product quality and expected cost of agricultural machinery manufacturers are affected by the government’s financial support, but the relationship between financial subsidy and quality of agricultural machinery products is not monotonic. The increase of government subsidy standard has a negative effect on manufacturers improving the quality of agricultural machinery products in the diffusion region of subsidized agricultural machinery products, but the profits of manufacturers will continue to increase with the increase of subsidies. Government subsidies can promote agricultural machinery manufacturers to improve product quality in the non-subsidized agricultural machinery products diffusion region.

Orthodox Christianity among the Gedeo, Southern Ethiopia: Inception and Development to 1991

The seed of Orthodox Christianity sown on the land of Gedeo in the late 19th century following the state expansion to the south could survive the assault of the Fascist aggressors and could bear its fruit during the post-liberation period. The time witnessed a large-scale evangelization and the subsequent mass baptism of the local population. This was to be followed by the increasing number of newly constructed churches and expansion of their services in the region. The 1975 land nationalization policy of the Derg, however, demolished all these achievements of the EOC by dismantling the base of its economy, ye samon maret. The clergymen who based their life on the cultivation of these church lands deserted their church in search of any other means of economic survival and this was to threaten the existence of the Orthodox church among the Gedeo let alone its growth and development in the region. Though the Derg tried to mitigate this economic crisis of the church through financial subsidy, the support could not bring a meaningful solution since the amount was insignificant as compared to the large number of clergymen the church was administering by then. The problem was, therefore, to wait for its answer through the free market economic order of the post 1991 political era.

Evaluation of Financial Subsidy Program of Punjab Education Foundation for Increasing Students Enrollment and Retention in Private Schools in Punjab

This study retrospects the idea of financial assistance program (school voucher program) proposed by Milton Friedman, lately developed by Peacock, Wiseman and Jencks. It examines the current education voucher program of Punjab education foundation designed for students of low-income families. The research aims to see efficacy of Public Private Partnership in school education in Punjab. It analyzes private schools choices for poor students through government financial subsidy program for basic education in Punjab. The financial subsidy program has become pervasive recently. The research was descriptive in nature based on opinions of Program administrators/Directors of Punjab Education foundation, Schools owners, Principals, teachers and parents related to private schools of Punjab education foundation. The results drawn through observation, questionnaires, interviews. checklists indicated that this program increases choices for poor families to enroll their children in schools of their preference because of quality, pedagogical approaches, affordability and geographical location regardless of financial barriers.

Metaphor of BPJS Kesehatan as a Sick Patient in Indonesian Media Headlines

Indonesian health insurance (BPJS Kesehatan) has been facing financial deficit and during the coverage of its deficit, media frequently use many medical terms metaphor to describe the financial condition of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to examine the medical terms metaphor used to describe the financial deficit of BPJS Kesehatan to further identify the entailments and to pin point what is the cause of sickness and what could cure the sickness. Qualitative method is used in this study with conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) as the conceptual framework. There 10 headlines from various online media outlet that are collected as the source of the data. The study examines the particular terms which described BPJS Kesehatan as a sick patient and further analysis is conducted to identify the closest entailments of metaphor, which are to identify who will be the doctor and what cause its sickness. The results shows that the particular conditions as metaphor used to describe the financial condition of BPJS Kesehatan is dying (sekarat), critical (kritis), swell (bengkak), and wound (luka). From the analysis of entailments, the doctor is the government equipped with medical supplies and procedures to cure the patient which is the financial subsidy and the second entailment is the cause of the sickness which is the lack of awareness from the member to pay the premium regularly on time.

What Affects the Diffusion of New Energy Vehicles Financial Subsidy Policy? Evidence from Chinese Cities

Designing and implementing effective new energy vehicle (NEV) policy are policy priorities for policymakers and energy policy scholars. However, the formulation, adoption, and diffusion of the NEV policies have not been fully examined in the extant literature. This article explores the mechanisms driving the diffusion of local financial subsidy policy for NEVs in China. In this context, we aim at analyzing the factors affecting the diffusion of local financial subsidies for NEVs in cities, to explain why some cities have taken the lead in adopting local financial subsidy policies for NEVs, while other cities have lagged behind. Based on a data set of 286 cities in China from 2009 to 2016, and with event history analysis (EHA) to analyze the strategic behaviors of local governments, we found that the number of the city’s neighbors that have adopted the NEV policy, the financial incentive policy of the provincial government, the administrative ranking of the city, the city’s financial situation and innovation capacity have a direct impact on whether the city adopts a local financial subsidy policy for NEVs. This study has practical implications for policymakers in designing and promoting the spread of NEV policies.

On the Russian financial assistance to Montenegro: From the origins of Russian-Montenegrin relations to the beginning of the 20th century

In 1711, official relations were established between Russia and Montenegro. Since 1715, Russia began to pay a constant financial subsidy to Montenegro. Over the years, its amount was growing, more and more new items of expenditure were added to the main subsidy. Based on documents, we note a special increase in these payments at the period of the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-1878, during the Montenegrin-Turkish War of 1876-1877 and the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Because of the latter, the Berlin Treaty was signed, officially securing the independence of Montenegro and its territorial expansion. In the post-war decade, Russia repeatedly provided loans to Montenegro for various needs, including military ones, and helped, almost annually, by sending foodstuffs. In 1889, two dynastic marriages were contracted between the Russian Empire and the Montenegrin principality. Before this, Petersburg had covered all the external debts of the Principality. Since 1895, Russia took upon itself the financing of one battalion of the Montenegrin army, and since 1902 of two battalions with a total cost of 331 thousand rubles. In our opinion, financial “injections” were an important measure of Russian-Montenegrin relations, which can be used to judge the interest of the Russian Empire in Montenegro, as well as the significance of this small Balkan country for the Russian Foreign Ministry’s policy plans.