scholarly journals Research of distribution of information flows in a network

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-829
Author(s):  
R. L. Politanskyi ◽  
◽  
O. L. Zarytska ◽  
M. V. Vistak ◽  
V. V. Vlasenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Equivalent System ◽  
System Matrix ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Gaussian Method ◽  
Flow Intensity ◽  
Integer Solutions

The algorithm for determining information flows in the network is developed and studied, taking into account restrictions on the input and output flows values in each node of the system. The algorithm is based on the Gaussian method of solving linear equations systems in case when the rank of the equivalent system matrix, is less than the number of unknown variables in the system. Using this algorithm, the capacities of sets of the integer solutions for networks with 2 nodes (flow intensity up to 200), 3 nodes (flow intensity up to 20) and 4 nodes (flow intensity up to 10) are calculated.

scholarly journals EM Estimation of the X-Ray Spectrum With a Genetically Optimized Step-Wedge Phantom

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengzhou Li ◽  
Feng-Lei Fan ◽  
Wenxiang Cong ◽  
Ge Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Condition Number ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Spectrum Estimation ◽  
Genetic Optimization ◽  
System Matrix ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phantom Design ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Spectrum Inversion

The energy spectrum of an X-ray tube plays an important role in computed tomography (CT), and is often estimated from physical measurement of dedicated phantoms. Usually, this estimation problem is reduced to solving a system of linear equations, which is generally ill-conditioned. In this paper, we optimize a phantom design to find the most effective combinations of thicknesses for different materials. First, we analyze the ill-posedness of the energy spectrum inversion when the number of unknown variables (N) and measurements (M) are equal, and show the condition number of the system matrix increases exponentially with N if the transmission thicknesses are linearly changed. Then, we present a genetic optimization algorithm to minimize the condition number of the system matrix in a general case (M < N) with respect to the selection of thicknesses and types of phantom materials. Finally, in the simulation with Poisson noise we study the accuracy of the spectrum estimation using the expectation-maximum algorithm. Our results indicate that the proposed method allows high-quality spectrum estimation, and the number of measurements is reduced over two thirds of that required by the widely-used method using a phantom with linearly-changed thicknesses.

Defining “active sensing” through an analysis of sensing energetics: homeoactive and alloactive sensing

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
Nadina O. Zweifel ◽  
Mitra J. Z. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Tactile Sensing ◽  
Active Sensing ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Perceptual Process ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
State Of The Environment

The term “active sensing” has been defined in multiple ways. Most strictly, the term refers to sensing that uses self-generated energy to sample the environment (e.g., echolocation). More broadly, the definition includes all sensing that occurs when the sensor is moving (e.g., tactile stimuli obtained by an immobile versus moving fingertip) and, broader still, includes all sensing guided by attention or intent (e.g., purposeful eye movements). The present work offers a framework to help disambiguate aspects of the “active sensing” terminology and reveals properties of tactile sensing unique among all modalities. The framework begins with the well-described “sensorimotor loop,” which expresses the perceptual process as a cycle involving four subsystems: environment, sensor, nervous system, and actuator. Using system dynamics, we examine how information flows through the loop. This “sensory-energetic loop” reveals two distinct sensing mechanisms that subdivide active sensing into homeoactive and alloactive sensing. In homeoactive sensing, the animal can change the state of the environment, while in alloactive sensing the animal can alter only the sensor’s configurational parameters and thus the mapping between input and output. Given these new definitions, examination of the sensory-energetic loop helps identify two unique characteristics of tactile sensing: 1) in tactile systems, alloactive and homeoactive sensing merge to a mutually controlled sensing mechanism, and 2) tactile sensing may require fundamentally different predictions to anticipate reafferent input. We expect this framework may help resolve ambiguities in the active sensing community and form a basis for future theoretical and experimental work regarding alloactive and homeoactive sensing.

On Integer Solutions to Linear Equations

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
William George Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Integer Solutions

Discovering Linear Equations in Explicit Tables

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 398-405
Author(s):  
Lauren Burton
Keyword(s):  
Middle School Students ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Young Student ◽  
School Students ◽  
Teaching Algebra ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Honor Students ◽  
Data Tables ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

When teaching algebra concepts to middle school students, I often hear questions that echo my own past confusion as a young student learning to write linear equations using data tables that show only input and output values. Students, expected to synthesize the relationship between these values in symbolic representation, grow frustrated when they do not recognize that implicit relationship quickly. “All students, regardless of prior knowledge and experiences, can explore pattern tasks” (Smith 2007). The structure of a four-column explicit table allows students of all abilities (from low achieving to honor students) to understand the relationship between the values found in linear equation tables. After implementing four-column tables, I found that students required less instructional interference from me, they developed self-efficacy, understood and retained the material, and attained higher year-end test scores.

Integer solutions of systems of quadratic equations

1979 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Britton
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
System Of Linear Equations ◽  
Quadratic Equations ◽  
Integer Solutions

As is well known, there is an algorithm for deciding if a system of linear equations with coefficients from the set Z of integers has a solution in integers. The purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: does this remain true if ‘linear’ is replaced by ‘quadratic’?

scholarly journals Hybrid classical-quantum linear solver using Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum machines

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Chieh Chen ◽  
Shiue-Yuan Shiau ◽  
Ming-Feng Wu ◽  
Yuh-Renn Wu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Walk ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Quantum Circuit ◽  
Quantum Random Walk ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Linear Solver ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Systems Of Linear Equations ◽  
Classical Quantum

Abstract We propose a realistic hybrid classical-quantum linear solver to solve systems of linear equations of a specific type, and demonstrate its feasibility with Qiskit on IBM Q systems. This algorithm makes use of quantum random walk that runs in $${\bf{O}}$$ O (N log(N)) time on a quantum circuit made of $${\bf{O}}$$ O (log(N)) qubits. The input and output are classical data, and so can be easily accessed. It is robust against noise, and ready for implementation in applications such as machine learning.

eCRM Integration in E-Business

2005 ◽  
pp. 50-85
Author(s):  
Cain Evans
Keyword(s):  
System Application ◽  
Customer Retention ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Business World ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Process Perspective ◽  
Technological Perspective

Integrating an eCRM system in today’s business world is increasingly becoming the standard setting to the successful building of robust customer retention programs. However, integrating eCRM systems requires not only a technological perspective but a process perspective too. Developed in this work are several key phases that are integrated into the development of the CROSIT and CPR models. These two distinct models are developed to assist e-businesses in articulating eCRM through a combination of system, application, and process activities. The CROSIT model encompasses two central themes, with the centrifugal being the engine of the model. These attributes relate to the input and output of information flows: the customer and the e-business’s response to the eCustomer or traditional customer. The CROSIT model encapsulates a five-layered dimensional approach to integrating technologies, resources, strategy, and manageability of an eCRM system. The extension of CROSIT is the CPR model is used to gauge the readiness of the eCRM system, its applications, interrelated processes, and sub-systems and their integration into the e-business environment.

Integer Solutions to Linear Equations

1984 ◽  
pp. 134-161
Author(s):  
R. T. Gregory ◽  
E. V. Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Integer Solutions
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