Contacts, Commerce, and the Dynamics of New Visual Patterns

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Visual Patterns ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Visual Structure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This chapter discusses the extent to which communities in temperate Europe became increasingly integrated into the larger world of the Mediterranean basin and beyond, and how the process of integration worked. Major changes in the visual structure and patterning of objects took place in the context of major changes in the relationship between societies in temperate Europe and societies in the Mediterranean basin, in Asia, and in Africa. The changes emerged internally, from within the societies of temperate Europe. They were in no sense “caused by” outside societies, nor by trade relations with outside societies. The changes in the visual character of fifth-century-BC objects resulted principally from the expanded dissemination of ideas, embodied in new objects, styles, motifs, and designs. The changes in the second century BC resulted mainly from the expansion of commerce—of trade in goods.

Institutions and events of the eleventh century mirrored in Geniza letters (Part I)

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOSHE GIL
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This article is based on letters from the Geniza. The writers were merchants who dealt in imports and exports between Egypt and other countries of the Mediterranean basin. These merchants were part of the Jewish elite and maintained close ties with the Muslim authorities. They enjoyed considerable status with these authorities, who co-operated with the merchants, especially in the transport of goods; some of the high officials were, in fact, ship-owners. The administration of the time took a great interest in imports and exports, and would at times confiscate goods required by the army. The article reviews a series of citations from letters thus examining the relationship between the merchants and the authorities. The second part deals with the evidence of the droughts found in the merchants' letters; it is interesting to compare the details on droughts with the information in the Arabic sources. The third part discusses the information contained in the Geniza documents on the conquest of Jerusalem (638). This is followed by a discussion of two figures who are also known from Arabic sources: Manasseh b. Abraham Ibn al-Qazza¯z, and Barjawa¯n. The letters also reflect the restrictive measures against Jews and Christians in the days of Caliph al-Ha¯kim.

scholarly journals Mediterranean vector Soviet foreign trade in the 1920s

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Dmytro Arkhireyskyi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Soviet Foreign Trade ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The purpose of the article is to clarify the features of Soviet foreign trade in the Mediterranean basin in the 1920s. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the Mediterranean Soviet foreign trade of the period of the new economic policy has never actually been a separate scientific and historical problem. Methods of research: chronological, historical-comparative, descriptive. The main results: established a list of Mediterranean countries with which the Soviet state maintained trade relations during the period of the new economic policy; clarified the commodity and raw materials nomenclature of export-import operations in the Mediterranean zone; it was established that one of the main reasons for the establishment by Western countries of trade relations with the Bolshevik state was the economic crisis of 1920-1921, which swept the West; At the end of the study period, the Soviet government used the Great Depression to exert economic pressure on Western countries; disclosed the dynamics of Soviet trade at that time in the southern direction; revealed the dependence of Soviet foreign trade on the political environment; analyzed the Ukrainian component of the Soviet Mediterranean trade of the 1920s, using the example of the southern direction of Soviet foreign trade, it is shown how Moscow gradually limited the economic independence of the Ukrainian SSR until its complete leveling. Practical significance: the results of the study can be recommended for use in synthetic works on the history of Ukraine, the USSR, foreign trade and international relations of the 1920s, the development of relevant academic disciplines and special courses. These materials can also be used to promote historical knowledge. Originality: the article is, in general, original, it was made taking into account the developments of domestic and foreign researchers, with the involvement of a significant array of documents from a number of Ukrainian and Russian archives. Scientific novelty: for the first time in domestic historiography the peculiarities of the Soviet foreign trade of the 1920s in the Mediterranean basin are characterized, and also the role in the corresponding processes of the Ukrainian SSR is. The scientific novelty of the work is also due to the introduction into scientific circulation of a significant complex of archival materials, primarily documents of various services and structures of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR. Type of article: overview.

Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the shape and impact of piracy in the eastern half of the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire’s administrative, legal, and diplomatic response. In the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, piracy had a tremendous effect on the formation of international law, the conduct of diplomacy, the articulation of Ottoman imperial and Islamic law, and their application in Ottoman courts. Piracy and Law draws on research in archives and libraries in Istanbul, Venice, Crete, London, and Paris to bring the Ottoman state and Ottoman victims into the story for the first time. It explains why piracy exploded after the 1570s and why the Ottoman state was largely unable to marshal an effective military solution even as it responded dynamically in the spheres of law and diplomacy. By focusing on the Ottoman victims, jurists, and officials who had to contend most with the consequences of piracy, Piracy and Law reveals a broader range of piratical practitioners than the Muslim and Catholic corsairs who have typically been the focus of study and considers their consequences for the Ottoman state and those who traveled through Ottoman waters. This book argues that what made the eastern half of the Mediterranean basin the Ottoman Mediterranean, more than sovereignty or naval supremacy—which was ephemeral—was that it was a legal space. The challenge of piracy helped to define its contours.

Unfinished and Less Authored Texts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Jewish Writers

The concept of textual unfinishedness played a role in a wide variety of cultures and contexts across the Mediterranean basin in antiquity and late antiquity. Chapter 2 documents examples of Greek, Roman, and Jewish writers reflecting explicitly in their own words about unfinished texts. Many writers claimed to have written unfinished texts on purpose for specific cultural reasons, while others claimed to have written texts that slipped out of their hands somehow with their permission.

The Alphabet and its Legacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Madadh Richey
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Generative Power ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Alphabetic Writing ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The alphabet employed by the Phoenicians was the inheritor of a long tradition of alphabetic writing and was itself adapted for use throughout the Mediterranean basin by numerous populations speaking many languages. The present contribution traces the origins of the alphabet in Sinai and the Levant before discussing different alphabetic standardizations in Ugarit and Phoenician Tyre. The complex adaptation of the latter for representation of the Greek language is described in detail, then some brief attention is given to likely—Etruscan and other Italic alphabets—and possible (Iberian and Berber) descendants of the Phoenician alphabet. Finally, it is stressed that current research does not view the Phoenician and other alphabets as inherently simpler, more easily learned, or more democratic than other writing systems. The Phoenician alphabet remains, nevertheless, an impressive technological development worthy, especially by virtue of its generative power, of detailed study ranging from paleographic and orthographic specifications to social and political contextualization.

scholarly journals Edible Insects and Global Food Security

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Fabio Verneau ◽  
Mario Amato ◽  
Francesco La La Barbera
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Central America ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Global Food ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Starting in 2008 and lasting up until 2011, the crisis in agricultural and, in particular, cereal prices triggered a period of riots that spread from the Mediterranean basin to the rest of the world, reaching from Asia to Central America and the African continent. [...]

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