Contemporary Issues

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tolan ◽  
Gilles Veinstein ◽  
Henry Laurens
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Newly Independent States

This chapter chronicles the struggles of the Muslim world and Europe during World War II as well as its aftermath. It shows how the war had helped to end European rule and begin the process of decolonization for Muslim nations such as Libya. And with the Muslim state now independent of direct European domination, the second half of the chapter explores the ways in which the Muslim world tackled the issue of development as well as a fresh wave of problems regarding human rights, universality, and other pitfalls of newly independent states struggling to survive in a world that has changed profoundly after a series of major conflicts. The chapter also reflects on the still-intertwined relationships between the Muslim world and Europe as history progresses into the twenty-first century.

After Cloven Tongues of Fire: Ecumenical Protestantism and the Modern American Encounter with Diversity

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hollinger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Numbers Game ◽  
Mainline Protestant

This chapter addresses the question of why “mainline” Protestant churches experienced a dramatic loss of numbers from the mid-1960s through the early twenty-first century, while the evangelical churches grew. It argues that evangelicals triumphed in the numbers game by continuing to espouse several ideas about race, gender, sexuality, nationality, and divinity that remained popular with the white public when these same ideas were abandoned by leaders of the mainline, ecumenical churches as no longer defensible. The chapter also considers the historical significance of ecumenical Protestantism for U.S. history since World War II. It argues that it facilitated an engagement with many aspects of a diverse modernity that millions of Americans would not have achieved without the support and guidance of the ecumenical churches.

From Propagandistic Exploitation to Post-Communist Sensationalism: Beethoven Reception in Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-128
Author(s):  
Florinela Popa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Regimes ◽  
World War ◽  
Adolf Hitler ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Way

This paper mainly investigates the way Beethoven’s image was turned, during the totalitarian political regimes of twentieth-century Romania, into a tool of propaganda. Two such ideological annexations are striking: one took place in the period when Romania, as Germany’s ally during World War II and led by Marshall Ion Antonescu, who was loyal to Adolf Hitler, to a certain extent copied the Nazi model (1940–1944); the other, much longer, began when Communists took power in 1947 and lasted until 1989, with some inevitable continuations. The beginnings of contemporary Romanian capitalism in the 1990s brought, in addition to an attempt to depoliticize Beethoven by means of professional, responsible musicological enquiries, no longer grounded in Fascist or Communist ideologies, another type of approach: sensationalist, related to the “identification” of some of Beethoven’s love interests who reportedly lived on the territory of present-day Romania.

Past Non-Dependency in the Twenty-first Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Anastassia V. Obydenkova ◽  
Alexander Libman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter aims to provide a different approach to the development of regional IOs since World War II, by singling out non-democratic tendencies in regionalism from a historical perspective. It explores differences between the functioning of DROs and NDROs over the last 70 years—from coerced organizations such as COMECON to modern alliances of autocrats. The chapter argues that the twenty-first-century NDROs (e.g. SCO) are different from those of the last half of the twentieth century (e.g. COMECON) in terms of membership composition, governance structure, and the characteristics discussed in earlier chapters. While historical NDROs were driven by ideologies such as Communism, in the main modern NDROs lack an ideological foundation (with the exception of ALBA and the Islamic world). The ideological foundation of Islamic ROs has changed—from pan-Arabism in the 1940s and 1950s to the dominance of various forms of political Islam and a focus on specific political institutions (e.g. the conservative rule of Gulf monarchies in the GCC).

Japan’s Twenty-First-Century Security Renaissance

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Oros
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Historical Legacies

This chapter provides an overview of Japan's security renaissance in the past decade, with special attention to three historical legacies that continue to limit Japan's defense policies: Japan's World War II history, its antimilitarist security policies of the postwar period, and the unequal aspects of the US-Japan alliance.

Christianity in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

2020 ◽  
pp. 239693932096800
Author(s):  
Emily DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
Mariana Islands ◽  
World War ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Northern Mariana Islands ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Twenty First Century

This article documents the spread of Christianity throughout the Pacific, with a focus on the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). The project begins first with the pre-Christian Pacific, narrowing in on the pre-Christian CNMI, and follows the arrival and establishment of Christianity into the twenty-first century, noting the Spanish, German, and Japanese occupation of the islands and World War II. Through investigating secondary sources and conducting interviews with current leaders of churches of various denominations in the CNMI, I explore the ways in which Christianity has developed and grown since the time of its introduction to the islands.

scholarly journals Historical Perspectives of War, Conflict, and Intervention and their Transformation in the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-938
Author(s):  
Ekaterine Lomia
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
World Order ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century

Throughout the historic development, conflicts have constantly existed in all the countries of the world and every level of society. Civilization’s perpetual struggle for freedom, independence, justice, and self-determination has many times grown into a direct or indirect confrontation between the opposing sides. However, World War I and World War II were one of the major transformative events in the history of the twentieth century, which resulted in the deaths of millions of humans and numerous destructive consequences. Furthermore, the wars and their results have fundamentally changed the World Order in post-war Europe and the US.  The article aims at providing a better understanding of the phenomenon of war, conflict, and intervention. It also seeks to examine their place in contemporary international relations of today. In particular, the article has aimed to analyze a historical overview of the social, political, and cultural conflicts and studies, how it has been transformed in a modern era of the twenty-first century.  The paper is concluded by highlighting the major principles of the UN on war and intervention since the organization is “Based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members”. The norms of the Helsinki Final Act and Just War Theory are also highlighted in the context. This study has been prepared as a result of examining articles and books written by many authors who have influential opinions in the field of wars, conflicts, and interventions. The article is particularly helpful to those scholars interested in peace and conflict studies.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Interdisciplinary Methods ◽  
Twenty First Century

This closing chapter explores how the appreciation of lecture culture has been conditioned by the priorities of three distinct moments of interpretation: the final decades of the nineteenth century; the post-World War II period; and the first decades of the Twenty First Century. It reflects on how interdisciplinary methods and new critical priorities offer to promise the discovery of new complexities and truths beneath the problematic yet seductive myths of the nineteenth-century lyceum.

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