The Transformation of Ottoman Policies toward the Ottoman Greeks during the First World War

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taner Akçam
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Greek Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
First World

This chapter examines how the policy followed against the Ottoman Greeks underwent an important change in November 1914, when the use of widespread violence against the Greeks and their forcible expulsion to Greece were halted. Policies concerning the Greeks during the war years were restricted henceforth to sending some of those living in coastal areas to interior provinces for military reasons. This procedure, connected with Russian military victories at the end of 1916 and throughout 1917, was carried out in a systematic manner, particularly in the Black Sea region. In some areas, massacres of Greeks were observed, but in general the Greek population remained exempt from the policy of deportation and annihilation applied to the Armenians.

scholarly journals The System of Public Education on the Territory of the Black Sea Province in 1896–1917. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1084
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Cherkasov ◽  
◽  
Sergei N. Bratanovskii ◽  
Larisa A. Koroleva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
First World War ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The article discusses the system of public education on the territory of the Black Sea province in 1896–1917. In this part, the authors consider the period of 1908–1917, that is, from the start of preparatory activities for the introduction of universal primary education to the February revolution. The main sources for the preparation of the work were the annual “Reports on the state of educational institutions in the Caucasian educational district” which presented data on schools under the Ministry of Public Education and the All-Subordinate reports of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, which reflected the information on parish schools. The reporting documents of the Ministry of Public Education, which were deposited in the Russian state historical archive (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation), are also of great importance. In conclusion, the authors state that in the period from 1896 to 1917 a whole network of educational institutions was established on the territory of the Black sea province, which consisted of 4 high schools, 11 lower educational institutions and 156 primary schools. The total number of educational institutions was 171, 30 of those were subordinate to the ecclesiastical department, and 128 — to the Ministry of Public Education. On the eve of the First world war, more than 10 thousand children were enrolled in schools, out of 13,8 thousand children of school age. Under these circumstances, if this course had continued and had not been affected by the First world war, we could say that by 1918, all 100 % of children in the Black sea province would have been covered by school.

scholarly journals The Trebizond Operation through the Eyes of Turkish Historians

2021 ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Alfina T. Sibgatullina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

This year marks the 105th anniversary of the operation conducted during the First World War: during this operation Russian troops, after a series of successful actions on land and at sea, captured the Black Sea port of Trebizond (today Trabzon). The capture of Trebizond helped to improve the basic conditions of the Black Sea Fleet and enabled an unimpeded delivery of reinforcements by sea to the right flank of the Russian army in the Caucasus. As a result, the Russian empire was close to establishing control over a significant part of the Ottoman Turkey’s territory. In the aftermath of the operation, the local Muslim population left Trebizond together with the Turkish army. The Russians, who entered the city without a fight, set for the transforming the city in their own way. Turkish historians, using the material of the Ottoman, Russian, and foreign periodicals, as well as archival documents, have studied in detail the intricacies of the Russians stay in the city, revealing also the damage caused by the war to the cultural and historical heritage of the region. This article provides a brief analysis of selected Turkish studies dedicated to the 100th and 105th anniversary of the Trebizond operation. It also discusses the issue of war refugees and the activities of Russian scientists, who were engaged in the collection of historical monuments in Trebizond during the war.

scholarly journals The Investigation of Sinop Coastal Area Pattern in Terms of Coastal Management

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Oylum Gokkurt Baki ◽  
Osman Nuri Ergun
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Management ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Coastal Land Use ◽  
The City ◽  
Coastal Land

Sinop is a province located at the Black Sea region and it is rich in scenic beauty and cultural values and has potential touristic resources. Moreover, it is one of the most prominent port towns in the Black Sea region. The area, which can be qualified as the most important and prominent image region of the city, comprise the coastal land use line of the province. However, the city fails to utilize this advantage. The master plan of the city has substantially changed through the years. The present study aimed to determine the changes in the master plans of the city through the years, the distribution of the coastal land use areas and changes in the utilization of the coastal areas through the years. Evaluating the current administrative competence/constraints in the coastal area with respect to the data obtained in the study is also among the goals of the study. Furthermore, by taking the impact of environmental factors on the ratio of the land use areas into consideration, examining these data in terms of coastal management planning to create habitats that better suit the vital requirements is another prospect of the study. In addition, the evaluation of some coastal area-associated issues including the extent of the effect of current erosion issues on the development of the coastal area was also included in the study. The percentage of the current functional coastal areas in the province, the distribution of the number of building floors and the changes in these data by years were also investigated. For these evaluations, zoning revisions and 1/2000, 1/5000 and 1/10000 maps were examined to determine the coastal area zoning changes and filling areas. Fieldworks were carried out in the coastal area of the city to determine and observe the state of the area. The data was collected by contacting relevant institutions and organizations and carrying out fieldworks. Considering the data obtained in the study, measures to remedy the zoning deficiencies in the coastal area and the city center were proposed. The obtained data and evaluations obtained revealed that the province is in need of new and sustainable planning and there is a necessity to include implementations that are based on integrated coastal area management principals.

scholarly journals Hans Werner Lissmann, 30 April 1909 - 21 April 1995

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 235-245
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
North East ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Family ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Village ◽  
First World

Hans Lissmann overcame extraordinary difficulties to become one of the pioneers of experiments on animal locomotion and the discoverer of the electric sense of fishes. The Russian Empire He was born on 30 April 1909 at Nikolayev, a Black Sea port near Odessa. Most of what we know of his early life comes from two typewritten memoirs, written in 1944 when he was interned. He was the younger of the two sons of German parents, Robert Lissmann, an exporter of grain, and his wife Ebba. A photograph taken in 1913 or 1914 shows a prosperous family formally posed with the boys dressed immaculately and impractically, entirely in white. Until Hans was five the family lived in Nikolayev and in Novorossiysk, another port on the northern shore of the Black Sea. He spoke Russian with his parents and French with his grandparents. Then, after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the family was sent to Kargala, a village near Orenburg on the edge of the Urals, 1100 miles north-east of Nikolayev. There they were interned as aliens among a population of Tartars, Bashkirs and Kirghis. Hans learned some Tartar, and was also taught German. Drawings that he made there show a village of log buildings inhabited by men in turbans, and a rider on a Bactrian camel. Their mother taught the boys arithmetic and languages, and arranged for them to be introduced to biology by an interned zoologist and a botanist who took them into the surrounding countryside on summer afternoons. She supported the family by teaching in the village school when her husband was arrested and taken away for several months. The Russian Revolution came, and Kargala was captured and recaptured several times by the Reds and Whites.

V. Moltke-Conrad: Relations between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs, 1909–14

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Stone
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The Eastern Front of the First World War remains, as Winston Churchill called his book on it, ‘The Unknown War’. Whereas in the West, politics were dominated by the military events, the reverse happened in the East: the gigantic struggles which took place from the Baltic to the Black Sea now seem to have been but a prelude to the Revolution in Russia and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There has been little interest in the military aspects of the Eastern conflict.

scholarly journals Army medicine during the First World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178
Author(s):  
Gennadiy N. Shaposhnikov ◽  
Vladimir V. Zapariy
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Military Health ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Military Health Care ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The article explains the development and functioning of an essential military component - medical support wartime - evacuation system. Describes the concept of conservative evacuation, developed in the Russian army at the beginning of the last century, shows the military medical services’ efforts to expand military health care and improve the system of evacuation during World War I. It is noted that, despite significant efforts, the evacua-tion remained the weakest part of Russian military medicine and does not reflect the scale of sanitary losses.

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