Turko-Tatar Roots of Modern Odessa: Hocabey and Karakermen

Located on the northern shore of the Black Sea, Odessa is one of Eastern Europe’s great cities. Much has been written about its history. Most of these studies were written from the Russian imperial perspective, and so the city’s Turko-Tatar period has been neglected. The present article attempts to shed light on this period of Odessa’s history, drawing mainly on Ottoman chronicles and archival documents. The predecessor and nucleus of the city was the Karakermen redoubt (palanka), which was built by Mengli Giray Khan I in 1495. Karakermen was destroyed as a result of recurrent Cossack raids in the mid-16th century. Although the Ottomans had intended to revitalise the city by rebuilding the redoubt during the last quarter of the 16th century, this project would be realized only in 1764 with the emergence of the town of Hocabey.

Population structure of lamp shells (Brachiopoda: Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801) in Aceh Northern Shore, Indonesia

This study aimed to determine the population structure of Lingula sp. in the Aceh northern shore. This research uses purposive sampling method where the sampling locations at Ujong Pancu beach, Kuala Cangkoi beach, Syiah Kuala beach and Alue Naga beach. Sampling was carried out using a quadratic transect (1x1 m) with three stations at each location. The results showed that there is one type of Brachiopods, namely the genus Lingula (Bruguière 1791), species Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 which are scattered on the north coast of Aceh. Overall, the abundance of L. anatina was quite high at each location, especially at Kuala Cangkoi beach (2.43 ind/m2), while the lowest abundance was found at Ujong Pancu beach (1,11 ind/m2). In addition, it was also found that L. anatina had a similarity distribution on the Aceh northern shore. The existence of L. anatina on the Aceh northern shore is very dependent on good environmental conditions, in general, the quality of the waters of Aceh northern shore is still within the tolerance limits of these biota. Therefore, population structure of L. anatina is stable, so that this biota resource must continue to be considered and managed properly.

Archaeological study of the Varzuga River

The Varzuga River on the northern shore of the White Sea is an important site for the archaeology of Russian Lapland. Here the archaeological study of this region began. The work provides a historiographical overview from the first finds in the XIX century to the excavations of 2009–2013, when two objects were examined: the fortification of the beginning of the XV century and the rural cemetery of the XIV–XVIII centuries. The reconstruction of a small rural fortress was made. We managed to find the first church of the village of the end of the XIV — beginning of the XV century. Interesting information about the late medieval burial rite has been obtained. Anthropological materials speak about the Karelian basis of the medieval population of the Terek coast. According to the results of archaeological work, it is clear that in the middle of the XIV century, a large Korela settlement with a church already existed on the site of the modern village.

Enstatite nodules in the harzburgites of the Southern Urals

Research subject. At two points on the northern shore of Lake Uvil’dy in the Southern Urals, two outcrops of unique rocks – nodular harzburgites – were discovered in the tectonic lenses of serpentinite melange among garnet-biotite gneisses of the Ilmenogorsko-Vishnevogorsky Сomplex. These outcrops form a body of about 9 m in thickness among amphibolized orthopyroxenites.Results. The fine-grained serpentinized enstatite-olivine matrix of the harzburgites under study contains numerous spherical formations (nodules) 2–7 cm in diameter, composed of large enstatite crystals and rare forsterite grains. The composition and structure of these spheroids are highly similar to the enstatite chondrules from stony meteorites, although differing in size (ten times larger).Conclusions. Such structures are very rare in hyperbasites and occur in slightly altered varieties. Judging by the microstructural features and relationships of the main minerals, it is concluded that these minerals were crystallized from a magmatic melt.

Species diversity of bats (Chiroptera) in the Ukrainian Azov Region and features of their residence by seasons

The article presents the results of regional surveys of bats in 2010–2020 in places planned for the construction of wind farms. With the use of modern ultrasonic detectors, computer programs and an electronic library of voices, 15 species were found in the Ukrainian Azov Region. Their highest diversity (11–13 species) was revealed in places of intensive migration. First of all, these are the sites Armyansk, Chaplynka, and Askania-Nova, which are located between the Dnieper valley and the Crimean Peninsula. Probably, in this area, bats migrating from the northern and north-eastern regions cross the land and join those moving along the Azov coast. The movement of a significant number of animals is noticeable in the west of the Molochna River. A relatively large variety of bats occurs near the sites Botiyevo, Orlivka, and Primorsk, located directly on the northern shore of the Sea of Azov, along which the migratory movements of bats are particularly strong. During winter, with limited research in this period, 8 species were found, whereas 13 species during spring and autumn migrations and 11 species in summer. The almost complete transformation of the steppe into agrocoenoses bordered by forest belts and irrigation canals undoubtedly affected bats in addition to global warming. In recent years, in all places of the Ukrainian Azov Region, there has been a decline in the number of the common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus), and an increase in the abundance of the noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula), Kuhl's pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), Nathusius' pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii), and parti-coloured bat (Vespertilio murinus). In all seasons, the least common species were the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus), Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii), greater noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus), lesser noctule (Nyctalus leisleri), Savi's pipistrelle (Hypsugo savii), and western barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus).

Establishing the Middle Sea: The Late Bronze Age of Mediterranean Europe (1700–900 BC)

The Late Bronze Age (1700–900 BC) represents an extremely dynamic period for Mediterranean Europe. Here, we provide a comparative survey of the archaeological record of over half a millennium within the entire northern littoral of the Mediterranean, from Greece to Iberia, incorporating archaeological, archaeometric, and bioarchaeological evidence. The picture that emerges, while certainly fragmented and not displaying a unique trajectory, reveals a number of broad trends in aspects as different as social organization, trade, transcultural phenomena, and human mobility. The contribution of such trends to the processes that caused the end of the Bronze Age is also examined. Taken together, they illustrate how networks of interaction, ranging from the short to the long range, became a defining aspect of the “Middle Sea” during this time, influencing the lives of the communities that inhabited its northern shore. They also highlight the importance of research that crosses modern boundaries for gaining a better understanding of broad comparable dynamics.

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Ground Deformation Due to 2018 Lombok Earthquake Series

Lombok Island in Indonesia was hit by four major earthquakes (6.4 Mw to 7 Mw) and by at least 818 earthquakes between 29 July and 31 August 2018. The aims of this study are to measure ground deformation due to the 2018 Lombok earthquake series and to map its spatio-temporal distribution. The application of DinSAR was performed to produce an interferogram and deformation map. Time series Sentinel-1 satellite imageries were used as master and slave for each of these four major earthquakes. The spatio-temporal distribution of the ground deformation was analyzed using a zonal statistics algorithm in GIS. It focused on the overlapping area between the raster layer of the deformation map and the polygon layer of six observation sites (Mataram City, Pamenang, Tampes, Sukadana, Sembalun, and Belanting). The results showed that the deformation includes uplift and subsidence. The first 6.4 Mw foreshock hitting on 29 July 2018 produces a minimum uplift effect on the island. The 7.0 Mw mainshock on 5 August 2018 causes extreme uplift at the northern shore. The 6.2 Mw Aftershock on 9 August 2018 generates subsidence throughout the study area. The final earthquake of 6.9 Mw on 19 August 2018 initiates massive uplift in the study area and extreme uplift at the northeastern shore. The highest uplift reaches 0.713 m at the northern shore, while the deepest subsidence is measured −0.338 m at the northwestern shore. Dominant deformation on the northern area of Lombok Island indicates movement of Back Arc Trust in the north of the island. The output of this study would be valuable to local authorities to evaluate existing earthquake’s impacts and to design mitigation strategies to face earthquake-induced ground displacement.

Genealogical Myth of the Buryats of the Hori Tribe: Calendar and Ritual

The plot of the genealogical myth of the Buryats of the Khori tribe is studied in the article as a historical and cultural source reflecting ideological attitudes, which were also a historical fact. It has been established that the myth about the origin of the Khori-Buryats is the plot of the areal cosmogonic myth. It is stated that the historical-genetic and cultural-semantic interpretation of the main events of the myth, when identified with information from archaeological, historical, ethnographic, folklore and linguistic sources, makes it possible to see in the plot of the myth the cult of the sun, the type of calendar of the solar year caused by it and the model of calendar rites of the early nomads of the steppes of Central Asia. It was revealed that the plot of the myth came to the northern shore of Lake Baikal with the carriers of the culture of tiled graves — the ethnic ancestors of the Turkic-Mongol peoples with Indo-Iranian cosmological ideas expressed in the calendar, calendar holidays, calendar rituals and calendar culture in general. It is proved that the main events of the myth are reflected in the rock paintings of the Sagan-Zaba Bay on the northern coast of Lake Baikal. It is shown that the plot of the genealogical myth of the Khori-Buryats acts as a text of culture, which is a means of preserving information about the picture of the world, which in the traditional culture of the tribe was controlled by a rite. It is noted that the historical and cultural origins of the myth go back to the archaeological Scythian-Siberian culture of the Iron Age (VI—III centuries BC).

Polyphenol Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of European Cistus creticus L. (Cistaceae) Compared to Six Further, Partly Sympatric Cistus Species

This investigation focused on the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds of Mediterranean northern shore Cistus creticus and six further, partly sympatric Cistus species (C. albidus, C. crispus, C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus, C. salviifolius). Aqueous extracts of 1153 individual plants from 13 countries were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extracts of C. creticus were primarily composed of two ellagitannins (punicalagin and punicalagin gallate) and nine flavonol glycosides (myricetin and quercetin glycosides, with m-3-O-rhamnoside as the dominant main compound). Differences in the proportions of punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides allowed the classification into two chemovariants. Plants containing punicalagin derivatives and flavonol glycosides were especially abundant in the western and central Mediterranean areas and in Cyprus. From Albania eastwards, punicalagin and punicalagin gallate were of much lesser importance and the predominant chemovariant there was a nearly pure flavonol type. With its two chemovariants, C. creticus takes a central position between the flavonol-rich, purple-flowered clade (besides C. creticus, here represented by C. albidus and C. crispus) and the more ellagitannin-rich, white- or whitish-pink-flowered clade (here represented by C. ladanifer, C. monspeliensis, C. parviflorus and C. salviifolius). The median antioxidative capacity of C. creticus plant material was, with 166 mg Trolox equivalents/g dry wt, about half of the antioxidative capacity of C. ladanifer (301 mg te/g dry wt), the species with the highest antioxidative potential.

Co-seismic deformation, field observations and seismic fault model of the Oct. 30, 2020 Mw=7.0 Samos earthquake, Aegean Sea

<p>On 30 October 2020 11:51 UTC a large Mw = 7.0 earthquake occurred offshore of the island of Samos, Greece. In this contribution we present the characteristics of the seismic fault (location, geometry, geodetic moment) as inferred from the processing of geodetic data (InSAR and GNSS). We use the InSAR displacement data from Sentinel-1 interferograms (ascending orbit 29 and descending 36) and the GNSS offsets from eleven (11) permanent stations in Greece and Turkey to invert for the fault parameters. Our inversion modeling indicates the activation of a normal fault north of Samos with a length of 32 km, width of 17 km, average slip of 2.1 m, a moderate dip-angle (37°) and with a dip-direction towards North. The inferred fault is located adjacent to Samos northern coastline, with the top of the slip ~1 km below surface, and ~2 km off-shore at its closest to the island. The earthquake caused the permanent uplift of the island up to 10 cm with the exception of a coastal strip along the NE part of the northern shore (near Kokkari) that subsided 2-6 cm. The effects of the earthquake included liquefaction, rock falls, rock slides, road cracks and deep-seated landslides, all due to the strong ground motion and associated down-slope mobilization of soil cover and loose sediments.</p>