Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 277-286
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Islamic History ◽  
High Profile ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
War Propaganda

This chapter talks about the Sufi-minded Ottoman historians that reconstructed Islamic history in which both the Ottomans and the Safavids were identified as the parties of the same perennial conflict since the creation of Adam. The Ottomans and the Safavids—both ethnically Turkic dynasties—were identified as the Romans and the Persians in allusion to the well-known Qur'anic prophecy that the former would defeat the latter. Perception of the Safavids as the perfect other for Islam was not mere war propaganda. The conquest of Constantinople, reportedly prophesized by Prophet Muhammed, and the approach of the end of the first millennium of the Islamic calendar had already sparked apocalyptic anxieties. Through the endeavors of high-profile jurists and mainstream Sufis, this esoteric epistemology was fully reconciled with the formal teachings of Islam and became an important component of political imagery and imperial ideology.

Ideologies of Empire

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Bell
Keyword(s):  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imperial Ideology

The world in which we live is largely the product of the rise, competition, and fall of empires. This chapter examines European, and principally British, ideologies of imperialism during the last two hundred years. The chapter starts by distinguishing between imperial imaginaries, ideologies, and theories, before dissecting elements of the western imperial imaginary, focusing in particular on notions of civilizational hierarchy. The rest of the article examines three ideal-typical aspects of imperial ideology: justification; governance; and resistance. Ideologies of justification provide reasons for supporting or upholding imperial activity, seeking to legitimate the creation, reproduction, or expansion of empire. Ideologies of governance articulate the modalities of imperial rule in specific contexts. Finally, ideologies of resistance reject imperial control.

The Myth of the Ottoman Caliphate

2019 ◽  
pp. 218-276
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Religious Wars ◽  
Sectarian Conflict ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
Sufi Order

This chapter discusses the mystification of the Ottoman caliphate and the apocalyptic-messianic reconstruction of imperial ideology in the context of the long Ottoman–Safavid conflict of the sixteenth century. Current studies in the main treat the Ottoman–Safavid conflict as no more than a sectarian conflict between two expanding Muslim empires. The Ottomans, however, perceived it as an apocalyptic conflict between primordial forces of faith and disbelief, often expressed in manicheistic dichotomies. Being one of the most aggressively fought religious wars in Islamic history, it profoundly altered both Sunni and Shiite conceptions of history and rulership. The Safavids, being at once a Turkoman chieftainship, a Shiite dynasty, and a Sufi order, were better endowed with esoteric image-making skills than the Ottomans, whose juristic and theological arguments against heresy were, simply, by definition nullified. Despite the Ottoman military might that overwhelmed the Safavids in multiple battles, the Safavid–Shiite call resonated much more strongly among the vast Turkoman diaspora from Central Asia to the Balkans, particularly among popular mystical orders of the countryside.

Transcribing God's Word: Qur'an Codices in Context

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila S. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
God's Word ◽  
The Status ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Broad Overview

For Muslims the Qur'anic text is immutable, yet written versions vary enormously in materials, format and aspect. This article presents a broad overview of the various forms Qur'an codices have assumed during the first millennium of Islamic history, treating these manuscripts as both physical objects and cultural signifiers. It takes a functional approach, relating physical changes such as differing materials and format to social and historical ones such as changes in the status of copyists and illuminators who made these manuscripts, changes in the types of people or institutions for whom these written versions were made, and changes in the ways that these manuscripts were used. It concentrates on three of the finest examples that are well known, relatively well published, and readily dated or datable – the codex endowed by the ʿAbbāsid governor of Damascus in 262/875–76; the codex copied by the calligrapher Ibn al-Bawwāb in 391/1000–1; and the multi-volume codex copied by Aḥmad al-Suhrawardī between 702/1302 and 707/1308 – thereby showing how study of the objects themselves can help us understand the changing nature of Muslim societies, particularly at the highest levels.

scholarly journals Justice, Geography and Empire in Aeschylus' Eumenides

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Futo Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imperial Ideology

Abstract This paper argues that Aeschylus' Eumenides presents a coherent geography that, when associated with the play's judicial proceedings, forms the basis of an imperial ideology. The geography of Eumenides constitutes a form of mapping, and mapping is associated with imperial power. The significance of this mapping becomes clear when linked to fifth-century Athens' growing judicial imperialism. The creation of the court inEumenides, in the view of most scholars, refers only to Ephialtes' reforms of 462 BC. But in the larger context, Athenian courts in the mid-fifth century are a form of imperial control. When geographically specific jurisdiction combines with new courts, it supports and even creates a developing imperial ideology. Moreover, the figure of Athena and the role she gives the Athenian jury emphasizes a passionate pro-Athenian nationalism, a nationalism that the text connects to Athens' geographic and judicial superiority. This imperial ideology did not spring from Aeschylus' imagination fully formed; it reflects a trend in Athens of promoting her own cultural superiority. This sense of cultural superiority in fact disguises the realities of Athens' developing power and increasingly harsh subjection of her former allies.

scholarly journals History in Fiction, History as Fiction: Two Contemporary Novels and the Problems of the Australian Past

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Margaret Ruth Waghorn
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Contemporary Novels ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

<p>In 2008 two high profile mid-career Australian novelists published works of historical fiction. Kate Grenville’s The Lieutenant and Richard Flanagan’s Wanting both fictionalise events and characters from Australia’s actual colonial past. In addition to their shared genre and subject matter the novels have other similarities. Both novels are concerned with ideas about writing and reading, sharing an interest in the creation of written texts. In fictionalising the creation of actual historical texts they destabilise the authority of written texts. This destabilisation creates a tension with the novels own use of the historical record as source material. Both novels engage with the history of white representations of indigenous peoples while also creating new representations themselves. The Lieutenant and Wanting have received significant critical attention from the popular media. This critical attention places the novels within current debates about Australia’s past and present. The novels arise from a specific context in post-colonising Australia and reflect current white liberal anxieties about the facts of the Australian past. Fiction is positioned as providing a new angle for tackling the “problem” of Australian history. Their fictional engagement with the actual past appears to provide a new method for examining Australia’s traumatic past, by offering an alternative for those readers fatigued by the heated political debates of the so-called History Wars. However, the novels do not ultimately suggest a hopeful new direction or resolution to these debates, instead they reflect back the stalled nature of the Australia’s public discourse around the facts and meanings of its contested past.</p>

scholarly journals ‘COLUMBANUS WORE A SINGLE COWL, NOT A DOUBLE ONE’: THE VITA DEICOLI AND THE LEGACY OF COLUMBANIAN MONASTICISM AT THE TURN OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM

Traditio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
STEVEN VANDERPUTTEN
Keyword(s):  
Tenth Century ◽  
Imagined Community ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Institutional Boundaries ◽  
Integration Effort

This article analyses the Life of St. Deicolus of Lure, a monastery in the Alsace region of east France, written by the cleric Theodoric in the 970s or 980s. It argues that the text contains a notable amount of information on the existence, methodology, and limitations of an ill-understood aspect of monastic integration around the year 1000. Relying on an analysis of the narrative's second prologue as well as scattered comments elsewhere in the text, it reconstructs three phenomena. The first is attempts to (re-)establish a Luxeuil-centered imagined community of institutions with a shared Columbanian legacy through the creation and circulation of hagiographic narratives. A second is the co-creation across institutional boundaries of texts and manuscripts that were designed to facilitate these integration attempts. And the third phenomenon is the limits of this integration effort, which did not tempt those involved to propose the establishment of a distinct ‘neo-Columbanian’ observance. As such, the Life represents an attempt to reconcile the legacy of Columbanus and his real or alleged followers as celebrated at late tenth-century Luxeuil and Lure with a contemporary understanding of reformed Benedictine identity.

Social and Literary History of Dharmaśāstra

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Legal Procedure ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Semantic History ◽  
The Creation

Who invented the Dharmaśāstra genre and for what reasons? Using the newly discovered semantic history of gṛhastha (householder), the chapter presents new insights into the origin of this literature and its social and literary history. The hypothesis proposed in the chapter is that, rivaling the theology of the āśramas, which presented a variety of lifestyles, especially the gṛhastha and the pravrajita, as alternative religious paths, a new theology appears to have been constructed, asserting the centrality of the gṛhastha. The gṛhastha theology provided the impetus to the creation of the Dharmaśāstric genre of literature. The central text of Manu was preceded by the Dharmasūtras and followed by the texts of Yājñavalkya and Viṣṇu. Some Dharmaśāstric scholars engaged in writing texts focused on specific topics, especially legal procedure, the most prominent of which are the texts of Nārada, Bṛhaspati, and Kātyāyana, in the second half of the first millennium CE.

Mixing Inquisitorial Functions within an Adversarial Process

2020 ◽  
pp. 280-311
Author(s):  
Jacqueline S. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Real Possibility ◽  
Appeal Court ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Creation

This chapter centers on the tensions produced by the novel mixing of procedural traditions in the creation of the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC): on the function of the commission as an inquisitorial review body, its interactions with legal actors and processes operating within the adversarial tradition, and how this illuminates the nature of our attachment to values such as truth, innocence, or justice as they operate within different procedural frameworks. Following a series of high-profile miscarriages of justice in the 1980s and 1990s, in which the adversarial process failed those it accused, the CCRC was tasked with reviewing cases for possible referral to the appeal court. This chapter examines the operation of the commission, the procedural lens through which it structures its review, and how this impacts on its understanding of what constitutes a real possibility that a conviction will be overturned, such that it will refer a case to the appeal court.

The Nubian Experience of Egyptian Domination During the New Kingdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 368-394
Author(s):  
Stuart Tyson Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Kingdom ◽  
Economic Dynamics ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
The Third ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
Burial Practice ◽  
Ethnic Solidarity ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
Individual Choices

The Nubian experience of Egyptian domination during the New Kingdom (ca. 1500–1070 bce) was complex and variable. Outright rebellion to Egyptian rule is attested but was rare. Instead Nubians employed highly variable strategies of collaboration/assimilation, ethnic solidarity, and the creation of hybridity in order to cope with the Egyptian hegemony. The dynamic and variable entanglement and juxtaposition of Nubian and Egyptian ceramic traditions, foodways, and burial practice established the foundations for the survival of elements of Nubian culture despite five hundred years of Egyptian domination and widespread assimilation north of the Third Cataract. The formation of a new blended or hybrid Nubian identity forged through the colonial experience helped to break down the imperial ideology of Egyptian self and Nubian other. In the end, the accumulation of individual choices by Nubians and their Egyptian counterparts, constrained by larger political and economic dynamics, produced outcomes that transformed both indigenous and colonial society.

2. Maya genesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Matthew Restall ◽  
Amara Solari
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Creation Myths ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Maya Civilization ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Creation

By the first millennium bce, Maya civilization was manifesting itself in art, architecture, agriculture, and social structure. “Maya Genesis” looks at the birth of this civilization. The manuscript known as the Popul Vuh gives a detailed version of Maya creation, telling the stories of two mythical Hero Twins, bookended by tales of the creation of the earth and humans. Impressive structures such as the sites at Palenque linked creation myths and divinity to the visions and ambitions of ruling elites. New architectural and agricultural developments such as the “nixtamalization” of corn helped in the formation of denser communities and the emergence of a hierarchical and multilayered social organization.

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