scholarly journals Chromosomal Heteromorphism with Reference to Cancer and Reproduction in Human: An Appraisal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi P. Shah ◽  
Parth S. Shah ◽  
Jeanny Dominic ◽  
Bhavini S. Shah ◽  
Sandip S. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ambiguous Information ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Heteromorphism ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Polymorphic Variants

Background and Objectives: Human cell nucleus has, the genome consisting of euchromatin and heterochromatin. The euchromatin has gene-rich and actively functional. The heterochromatin has two components namely constitutive and facultative, where the former is highly polymorphic. It is related to numerous diseases like cancer and infertility which is now well known, though it was earlier thought to be inactive; hence the implication of these polymorphic variants of chromosomes is reviewed with respect to acrocentric and non- acrocentric types. Methodologies: The polymorphic variants can be detected by C, G, Q and R banding techniques. We usually follow G band preparation of karyotypes following World Health Organisation (WHO) manuals and their role in cancer and reproduction is reviewed. Review and Conclusion: It is emphasized that most of the p and q arms of 1, 9, 16, D and G groups and X, Y chromosomes exhibited polymorphism which are related to cancerous and infertile conditions in both sexes. Data on few non-acrocentric chromosomes like 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, 19 and 20 are not available. Our review however indicated that the evaluation of specific heteromorphic variants needs to be detected using specific probes for confirmation of anomaly to assist affected cases, though earlier data indicated ambiguous information with few cases analyzed regarding assisted reproductive technologies and malignancy condition. This appraisal thus would play a key role in human chromosomal heteromorphic abnormalities and recommend genetic tests and counseling ultimately made available to the affected cases.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Experience of Infertility Concerning Polish Couples: Preliminary Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Nagórska ◽  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Bogdan Obrzut ◽  
Dorota Darmochwał-Kolarz
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Clinical Pregnancy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Independence Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
The World ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) determines infertility as a disease of the reproductive system defined clinically by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Estimates indicate that the problem of infertility in the world is continuing to grow. The aim of the study was to compare approaches to disease in partners of both sexes diagnosed with infertility. The study was conducted among 61 couples treated for infertility using an original questionnaire developed by the authors. The Chi square independence test was used for statistical analysis. Both men and women responded to the diagnosis of infertility with negative emotions. Regardless of sex, sadness and anxiety were the dominant feelings associated with the diagnosis of infertility. Women believed in the success of the treatment to a greater extent than men. Mainly women attempted to talk openly about the problem of infertility, while men were more restrained in this respect. Women accepted the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to a greater extent than men, but men would accept childlessness more often than women.

scholarly journals Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and its impact on assisted reproductive technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Vyshnavi A. Rao ◽  
Kamini A. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Poor Responders ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Critical Health Care

Coronavirus diease-2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic, has imposed a lot of challenges and potential risk to women who are planning a pregnancy and women who are pregnant in the COVID era. After the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19, a global pandemic, pregnancies achieved through medically assisted reproduction/Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) services experienced a major hit as couples became even more anxious to embark on pregnancy, the obvious reasons being the vertical transmission to the fetus, and use of critical health-care support system if required. Although the effects of coronavirus in terms of pregnancies conceived through the above measures are not known, retrospective studies will be needed to assess the outcomes of pregnancies conceived either naturally or any of the above mentioned procedures. As a precautionary measure, many professional societies worldwide recommended a ban on fertility treatments 1 week after WHO declared this as a pandemic. All reproductive medicine societies had published guidelines regarding stopping of infertility services except for poor responders and oocyte/sperm cryopreservation procedures in cancer patients – undergoing chemotherapy/radiation as there could be a reduction in gamete numbers. The possible reasons being to avoid complications of ART, like virus-induced complications of pregnancy and vertical transmission to fetus in severe respiratory distress syndrome COVID-positive mothers. The measures required to be taken are physical social distancing and critical health-care accessibility services. It has caused a major blow with respect to economic and social framework of our societies.

scholarly journals A Comparison Between the Effects of Global Sperm Washing® and FertiCult Flushing TM Media on Certain Sperm Function Parameters of Asthenozoospermic Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Saad S. Al-Dujaily ◽  
Khalid Al-Azzawi ◽  
Zena Hussein ◽  
Ban Al-Anii
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sperm Function ◽  
Sperm Activation ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Sperm Washing

The World Health Organization (WHO) and many studies considered the infertility as a disease and so many couples complaining from unsuccessful assisted reproductive technologies procedures to overcome their problem. One of the reasons of this dilemma is the sperm preparation method when no optimum result obtained even by using any of media found globally. However Global sperm washing®, and FertiCult flushingTM media were proved their capability to obtain good results of certain sperm function parameters. Nevertheless, the studies that compare between these media were rare. Therefore, this study aimed to compare between Global sperm washing medium®, FertiCult flushing TM media that used for sperm washing before using the partner sperm for ART procedure. After detecting asthenozoospermia in sixty semen samples, they were divided into two groups according to medium used for sperm activation in vitro Global sperm washing medium ® (n=31) and FertiCult flushing mediumTM (n=29) groups.The semen analysis was done after 3-5 days of abstinence as recommended by the manual of WHO (1999). Certain sperm function parameters were recorded. Semen fluid samples were treated with sperm activation media (Global sperm washing medium and FertiCult flushing medium TM) by using direct swim-up technique for in vitro sperm activation test. A significant (P<0.05) improvement was noticed between the two media regarding active sperm motility grades A and  B when using FertiCult flushing mediumTM compared to Global sperm washing medium®. Whereas no significant (P>0.05) differences were detected between the two media regarding sperm motility grades C and D. There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in morphologically normal sperm  following in vitro activation by using the two media. It is concluded that FertiCult flushing mediumTM was better than Global sperm washing medium®  in improving active sperm motility of asthenozoospermic men which can be utilized in future for successful of assisted reproduction.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

A Collaborative Study to Establish an International Standard for Alpha-Thrombin

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (04) ◽  
pp. 424-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Gaffney ◽  
A B Heath ◽  
J W Fenton II
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
And Control

SummarySince 1975 an International Standard for Thrombin of low purity has been used. While this standard was stable and of value for calibrating thrombins of unknown potency the need for a pure a-thrombin standard arose both for accurate calibration and for precise measurement of thrombin inhibitors, notably hirudin. An international collaborative study was undertaken to establish the potency and stability of an ampouled pure a-thrombin preparation. A potency of 97.5 international units (95% confidence limits 86.5-98.5) was established for the new a-thrombin standard (89/ 588) using a clotting-assay procedure. Stability data at various elevated temperatures indicated that the standard could be transported and stored with no significant loss of potency.Ampoules of lyophilised a-thrombin (coded 89/588) have been recommended as an International Standard for a-thrombin with an assigned potency of 100 international units per ampoule by the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Thrombin and its Inhibitors Sub-Committee) in Barcelona, Spain in July 1990 while the Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation and Control of the World Health Organisation will consider its status at its next meeting in Geneva in 1991.

Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalindi Vora
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

ANTARA SUNNAH DAN TRADISI (Khitan Muallaf Perempuan Baligh di Jayapura, Papua)

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
Hendra Yulia Rahman
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health

Masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya khususnya yang bergama Islam, memiliki kebiasaan mengkhitankan anak perempuannya dan memandang ini sebagai sunnah, hal ini juga dilakukan masyarakat di negara-negara lain yang memiliki penduduk pemeluk agama Islam. Pada umumnya masyarakat megkhitankan anak perempuannya, ketika masih bayi dan meyakininya sebagai bentuk kewajiban dari perintah agama. Badan kesehatan dunia World Health Organisation (WHO) melakukan pelarangan segala bentuk khitan pada perempuan, karena dianggap sebagai bentuk kekerasan pada perempuan dengan menyakiti dan merusak alat reproduksi perempuan. Khitan perempuan dianggap sebagai tradisi yang sudah lama ada tengah-tengah masyarakat baik yang muslim maupun yang non muslim, yang dalam pelaksanaannya lebih dimaksudkan sebagai upaya pengontrolan seksualitas perempuan. Muallaf perempuan baligh khususnya di wilayah kota Jayapura, Papua rata-rata melakukan khitan, yang menurut mereka merupakan bagian dari perintah agama. Bahwasanya khitan muallaf perempuan baligh di kota Jayapaura merupakan sebuah tradisi yang terus berlangsung, dan tradisi tersebut sejalan dengan sunnah.

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