scholarly journals STS and Enhancement Technologies – A Programme for Future Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Michael Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short History ◽  
Converging Technologies ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Enhancement Technologies

The concept of human technological enhancement originated as a tool for the moral classification of technologies, but has since spilled over from ethical debates to become a site for prospective technology development as part of a ‘converging technologies’ agenda. To date, enhancement and the technologies labelled as ‘enhancing’ have been underserved by STS research. While case studies do exist, there has been a dearth of co-ordinated investigation. This paper proposes a systemic programme for STS research on enhancement technologies based on five key challenges posed by dominant conceptions of enhancement as a way of understanding technological development. After setting out this agenda, a short history of the enhancement debate is provided to illustrate the changing meanings of ‘enhancement’ across different contexts. Recognising the limitations of critique alone, particular emphasis is given to the possibilities for productive engagement by STS scholars with the domain of enhancement across its multiple manifestations.

scholarly journals Fifty Years of Research and One Conclusion: Opium Causes Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 757-760
Author(s):  
Mahdi Sheikh ◽  
Farin Kamangar ◽  
Reza Malekzadeh
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Short History ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opium Use ◽  
Group 1

In September 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that opium consumption causes cancer in humans – a conclusion drawn after reviewing data from five decades of research. Given the widespread use of opium and its derivatives by millions of people across the world, the classification of opium consumption as a "Group 1" carcinogen has important public health ramifications. In this mini-review, we offer a short history of opium use in humans and briefly review the body of research that led to the classification of opium consumption as carcinogenic. We also discuss possible mechanisms of opium’s carcinogenicity and potential avenues for future research.

scholarly journals ‘Policing Is a Profession of the Heart’: Evangelicalism and Modern American Policing

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Aaron Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Short History ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
American Life ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
American Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site

Though several powerful explorations of modern evangelical influence in American politics and culture have appeared in recent years (many of which illumine the seeming complications of evangelical influence in the Trump era), there is more work that needs to be done on the matter of evangelical understandings of and influence in American law enforcement. This article explores evangelical interest and influence in modern American policing. Drawing upon complementary interpretations of the “antistatist statist” nature of modern evangelicalism and the carceral state, this article offers a short history of modern evangelical understandings of law enforcement and an exploration of contemporary evangelical ministry to police officers. It argues that, in their entries into debates about law enforcement’s purpose in American life, evangelicals frame policing as both a divinely sanctioned activity and a site of sentimental engagement. Both frames expand the power and reach of policing, limiting evangelicals’ abilities to see and correct problems within the profession.

Web 2.0 Social Networking Sites

2010 ◽  
pp. 57-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sandy Staples
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short History ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
History Of

SNS is offered, as is a short history of these sites. The existing research is reviewed and organized to summarize what we know about SNS usage (from the perspectives of student use, general population use and organizational use), and what people know about the antecedents and outcomes of SNS use. The chapter concludes with discussion of new developments, challenges and opportunities. There are many opportunities for future research and organizational applications of SNS as SNS adoption grows at incredible rates.

scholarly journals Reconfiguration, Contestation, and Decline

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1066-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin K. Sovacool ◽  
Katherine Lovell ◽  
Marie Blanche Ting
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Innovation Studies ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Temporal Dimensions

Large technical systems (LTS) are integral to modern lifestyles but arduous to analyze. In this paper, we advance a conceptualization of LTS using the notion of mature “phases,” drawing from insights into innovation studies, science and technology studies, political science, the sociology of infrastructure, history of technology, and governance. We begin by defining LTS as a unit of analysis and explaining its conceptual utility and novelty, situating it among other prominent sociotechnical theories. Next, we argue that after LTS have moved through the (overlapping) phases proposed by Thomas Hughes of invention, expansion, growth, momentum, and style, mature LTS undergo the additional (overlapping) phases of reconfiguration, contestation (subject to pressures such as drift and crisis), and eventually stagnation and decline. We illustrate these analytical phases with historical case studies and the conceptual literature, and close by suggesting future research to refine and develop the LTS framework, particularly related to more refined typologies, temporal dimensions, and a broadening of system users. We aim to contribute to theoretical debates about the coevolution of LTS as well as empirical discussions about system-related use, sociotechnical change, and policy-making.

scholarly journals Development trends in artillery ammunition propellants

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Mateusz Szala
Keyword(s):  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Short History ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Rocket Propellants ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Double Base

A short history of nitrocellulose (NC) use in propellants is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of NC as a semi-synthetic component of powders and rocket propellants are presented. Based on the conventional classification of propellants, the options of eliminating nitrocellulose in different types of powders and rocket propellants are discussed in detail. The analysis shows that in the foreseeable future, the elimination of NC in single-base and double-base propellants is highly unlikely. The observed trends in triple-base propellant development also does not show any tendencies in the elimination of NC, only the replacement of nitroguanidine with cyclic nitroamines. However, the elimination of NC in LOVA composite propellants is probable. Synthetic, rubber-based solid composite rocket propellants, with ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer, are the only ones not dependent on NC.

scholarly journals A short history of the form of octagonal and elliptical city squares

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Maciej Motak ◽  
Magdalena Woźniczka
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Short History ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
History Of

The article starts with the short discussion of two geometrical figures, i.e., octagon and ellipse, their genesis in architecture and urban design, and the examples of buildings whose plans were based upon them. Then, the selected octagonal and elliptical city squares are discussed: their genesis, context, layout, architecture surrounding the square, objects appearing in the square and, most specially, urban form and composition. The theory of architectural-landscape interiors has been applied to pinpoint the type of city squares by the assessing of the degree of openings in the square’s perimeter. The review consists of 22 case studies (9 octagonal and 13 elliptical) from the 15th to the 20th century. The last discussed case in each group, both atypical created in Krakow in the 20th century, are discussed even more thoroughly. The conclusions were presented first separately for octagonal and elliptical city squares and finally also for both groups in a comparative way.

Post-match recovery and analysis: concluding thoughts on sport and diplomacy

2018 ◽  
pp. 243-262
Author(s):  
Aaron Beacom ◽  
J. Simon Rofe
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
A Site

This concluding chapter draws together the themes that have emerged in the volume and provides an overarching analysis of the three sections concerning the concepts and history of Sport and Diplomacy, its relationship to public diplomacy and soft power, and considerations of boycotts. Furthermore, it considers a range of questions which simultaneously consolidate but also challenge the parameters of the field. These include the validity of sport as a ‘site of diplomacy’, the value of spatial and temporal dimensions to the field, and lines of future research.

scholarly journals On case loss and svarabhakti vowels: the sociolinguistic typology and geolinguistics of simplification in North Germanic

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tam T. Blaxter ◽  
Peter Trudgill
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Low German ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Low German

AbstractWork in sociolinguistic typology and creole studies has established the theory that intensive language contact involving second language acquisition by adults tends to lead to grammatical simplification. This theory is built on many anecdotal case studies, including developments in the history of Continental North Germanic associated with contact with Middle Low German. In this paper, we assess the theory by examining two changes in the history of Norwegian: the loss of coda /Cr/ clusters and the loss of prepositional genitives. If the theory is correct, these changes should have been innovated in centers of contact with Middle Low German. We find that both changes in fact spread into southeastern Norwegian from Swedish. Since contact with Low German also took place in Sweden and Denmark, this is consistent with the theory. It opens questions for future research about the role of dialect contact in simplificatory change in North Germanic.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF A POSITIONING STRATEGY OF NIGHT MARKETS AS SHOPPING TOURIST DESTINATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 40-51
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Positioning Strategy ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The City ◽  
Night Markets

Shopping at night markets is one of the most enjoyable ways for tourists who can get opportunity to getting up close local life in Thailand's capital. While tourists continually seek more diverse and rich experiences through a new adventures and new locations, night markets are spread out in most areas of the city and offer an incredibly diverse range of foods, goods and products, and entertainment. This article attempts to outline the theoretical backgrounds of night markets by introducing the views and results of the most relevant researchers in this field. First, the international literature is reviewed, then the most comprehensive case studies in night markets characteristics are introduced, finally the results of night markets case studies are outlined with a special emphasis in Bangkok. The study areas covered more than twenty night markets in Bangkok. Night markets’ characteristics and their position strategy are clustered to discern common pattern that are used in classifying night market characteristics. The contribution of this study will offer a comprehensive framework that can be used as a basis for more discussion and future research.

scholarly journals Bankruptcy Prediction: A Survey on Evolution, Critiques, and Solutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Fejér-Király
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Finance ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Bankruptcy Prediction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short History ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basel Agreement ◽  
Over Time

Abstract After the economic crisis and the BASEL agreement, the bankruptcy prediction research has evolved substantially due to its importance in corporate finance. This paper summarizes the short history of bankruptcy prediction from the beginning until quite recently. First, it presents a short summary of bankruptcy prediction evolution pointing to the most used models. Then, it provides a summary of the most cited papers that discuss the evolution of bankruptcy prediction and of those papers that have contributed to bankruptcy prediction. Finally, it summarizes some critiques about bankruptcy prediction that the literature has formulated over time and provides some suggestions for future research on bankruptcy prediction.

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