A Case-Control Study for Assessing Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies among Children in Sulaimani City

Congenital anomalies comprise a wide range of abnormalities in body structure or function that are present at birth and are of prenatal origin. These are defined as structural changes that have significant medical, social or cosmetic consequences for the affected individual, and typically require medical intervention. According to our Knowledge, research is scarce on these conditions in Sulaimaniyah city. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate potential risk factors for congenital anomalies. A case-control study was carried out from March to August 2017 involving 400 children (200 cases and 200 controls) aged 0-5 years. Required data were obtained on the risk factors through face to face interviews with mothers of cases and controls. The data were using descriptive statistical methods, Chi-square and Logistic Regression using STATA 11, calculating odds ratios and condensing P value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The mean age of the children was 1.9 years and age of their mothers at the time of pregnancy was 28 years. Congenital heart anomalies were the commonest type accounting for 27.5%. Significant risk factors for congenital anomalies were family history (OR=2.24, P= 0.007), maternal obesity (OR= 2.26, P= 0.001), mothers age over 30 (OR=2.78, P= 0.002) and mothers not using folic acid during pregnancy (OR=2.12, P= 0.0007). In general, in order to control and prevent the cases of CM, it is important to provide health education and policies to reduce environmental and maternal risk factors. Further, studies with larger sample size are needed to investigate incidence and risk factors of congenital anomalies.

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Risk Factors Associated With Dengue Fever Outbreak in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, 2018: Case-control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-624873/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽

Amr Abdulaziz Torbosh ◽

Yassin Abdulmalik Mahyoub ◽

Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Definition ◽

P Value ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a significant health problem in Yemen especially in the coastal areas. On November 6, 2018, Taiz governorates surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population on an increase in the number of suspected DF in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate. On November 7, 2018, Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. The aims were to confirm and describe the outbreak by person, place and time in Taiz governorate, and identify its risk factors.Methodology: Descriptive and case-control study (1:2 ratio) were conducted. WHO case definition was used to identify cases in Al Qahirah or Al Mudhaffar districts during August-November 2018. Control was selected from the same districts who did not suffer from DF. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data related to sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise analyses were used. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used.Results: A total of 50 DF cases were found. Almost 52% were males and 76% were <30 years of age. The overall attack rate was 1/10,000 of the population. Case fatality rate was 4%. In multivariate analysis, not working (aOR = 26.6, 95% CI: 6.8–104.7), not using mosquito repellent (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI:1.4–136.8), wearing short sleeves/pants (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI: 4.8–156.8), poor sanitation (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–20.3), presence of outdoor trees (aOR = 13.2, 95% CI: 2.8–63.0) and houses without window nets (aOR = 15.7, 95% CI: 3.9–63.4) were statistically significant risk factors associated with DF outbreak. Eleven 11 (58%) of blood samples were positive for DF IgM.Conclusions: DF outbreak in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate was confirmed. This study provides evidence-based information regarding the identified risk factors that contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak. Raising community awareness on the importance of personal protection measures and improving the sanitation services are strongly recommended.

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Risk factors for perinatal mortality: a case control study from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172330 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 2452 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mayadevi Brahmanandan ◽

Lekshmi Murukesan ◽

Bindu Nambisan ◽

Shaila Salmabeevi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Perinatal Mortality ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Gestational Hypertension ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Perinatal Mortality Rate ◽

Control Study

Background: The greatest risks to life are in its very beginning. Although a good start in life begins well before birth, it is just before, during, and in the very first hours and days after birth that life is most at risk. This prospective case control study was designed on maternal risk factors for perinatal mortality.Methods: This was a case control study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Paediatrics, Medical College Trivandrum for one year period in 2004-2005. The cases were all the fresh and macerated still births and early neonatal death cases during the study period. The controls were chosen as the next delivery entry in the OR register.Results: During this period, the total number of deliveries was 14,796 and there were 431 perinatal deaths. The perinatal mortality rate was 29.12. This was much higher compared to Kerala’s perinatal mortality rate of 10, the reason being that the study is conducted in a tertiary referral hospital with one of the best new born care nurseries and a large number of referrals. The most significant risk factors for perinatal mortality were low socio-economic status, referrals, late registration, prematurity, low birth weight, intra-uterine growth restriction, maternal diseases like gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes and intrapartum complications like abruption.Conclusions: Perinatal mortality rate serves as the most sensitive index of maternal and neonatal care. Good antenatal care and prevention of preterm birth may play a key role in further reduction of PMR.

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Risk Factors of Hyperbilirubinemia - A Case-Control Study in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Rural Central India

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2021/393 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (25) ◽

pp. 1904-1909

Author(s):

Sinduja Selvam ◽

Amar Taksande

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Birth Asphyxia ◽

Case Control ◽

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ◽

P Value ◽

Feeding Problems ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Control Study

BACKGROUND Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common cause of hospital readmission in neonates affecting about 60 % of term and 85 % of preterm neonates. Often, it is a benign condition but may result in neurological sequelae like bilirubin induced encephalopathy and kernicterus spectrum of disorders. We wanted to evaluate the foetal and maternal risk factors of hyperbilirubinemia and also identify the modifiable risk factors of it in neonates. METHODS An observational case - control study was carried out from July 2018 to July 2020. Neonates with hyperbilirubinemia levels in the range of phototherapy as described by the age and gestation by the American Academy of Paediatrics were taken as cases and neonates without hyperbilirubinemia were taken as controls. Detailed demographic-, prenatal-, perinatal-, family-history and physical-examination was undertaken for all the neonates included in the study and various risk factors were assessed such as the presence of maternal illness, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), prematurity, ABO and Rh incompatibility, previous history of phototherapy in siblings, breast feeding problems and birth asphyxia. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression studies of data collected has shown a significant association between IUGR (P value 0.01), prematurity (P value 0.002), ABO incompatibility (P value 0.009), breast feeding problems (P value 0.001), birth asphyxia (P value 0.05) and presence of PROM (P value 0.05) with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. CONCLUSIONS Early identification of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and prompt intervention reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with this common condition. KEY WORDS Jaundice of Neonate, Neonatal Jaundice, Icterus Neonatorum

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Risk factors associated with pre-term birth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a case-control study

Tanzania Journal of Health Research ◽

10.4314/thrb.v18i1.4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fanaka A. Mahapula ◽

Kitindi Kumpuni ◽

Joyce P. Mlay ◽

Theresia F. Mrema

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Dar Es Salaam ◽

P Value ◽

Community Based Interventions ◽

Term Birth ◽

Control Study

Background: Preterm birth remains one of the most serious problems in obstetrics care. Its aetiology is complex and multifactorial. This study was carried out to determine risk factors for preterm birth in Dar es Salaam City in Tanzania.Methods: This case-control study was conducted in three municipal hospitals namely, Amani, Mwananyamala and Temeke in Dar es Salaam. It involved 377 pairs of women with preterm birth (cases) and term birth (controls). Eligible women who agreed to participate and who signed the consent form completed a short interview regarding demographic and lifestyle factors, had their baby examined for maturity, and had their medical records abstracted. All cases and controls were interviewed face-to-face using a specially designed questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression after controlling for potential confounders was used to measure the strength of associations between preterm birth and related factors.Results: Several significant risk factors associations with pre-term birth were multiple pregnancies (AOR = 8.6; 95%CI 4.5-16.5; p-value <0.001), untreated vaginal discharge (AOR = 5.2; 95%CI 1.1-24.4; p-value 0.034), public prenatal care (AOR = 2.1; 95%CI 1.1-4.1; p-value 0.017), untreated urinary tract infection (AOR = 2.7; 95%CI 1.2-6.1; p-value 0.016), complication during pregnancy (AOR = 2.7; 95%CI 1.3-5.3; p-value 0.004), cervical incompetence (AOR = 11.6; 95%CI 1.1-121.5; p-value 0.04), polyhydramnios (AOR = 8.3; 95%CI 1.7-40.2; p-value 0.008), and lack of antenatal visits (AOR = 5.1; 95%CI 1.4-17.8; p-value 0.042).Conclusion: This study has identified several risk factors for preterm birth in the city of Dar es Salaam. It is important that planners design community-based interventions to address complications from preterm birth.

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Maternal risk factors involved in specific congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: A case-control study

Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology ◽

10.1002/bdra.23500 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (7) ◽

pp. 596-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sander Groen in 't Woud ◽

Kirsten Y. Renkema ◽

Michiel F. Schreuder ◽

Charlotte H.W. Wijers ◽

Loes F.M. van der Zanden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Congenital Anomalies ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Maternal Risk Factors ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Control Study

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Association between infection with Campylobacter species, poor oral health and environmental risk factors on esophageal cancer: a hospital-based case–control study in Thailand

European Journal of Medical Research ◽

10.1186/s40001-021-00561-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Arisara Poosari ◽

Thitima Nutravong ◽

Prakasit Sa-ngiamwibool ◽

Wises Namwat ◽

Supaporn Chatrchaiwiwatana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

Poor Oral Hygiene ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study ◽

History Of Cancer

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown the association between Campylobacter species infection and that environmental factors, poor oral hygiene in particular, are linked to an increased risk of esophageal cancer (EC). However, no study has reported on these factors in Thailand. Thus, this study’s objective was to evaluate the impact of the relationship between Campylobacter infection and environmental factors on EC incidence in the population of Thailand. Methods Data from a case–control study were collected from 105 newly diagnosed EC cases and 105 controls recruited from 2007 to 2017. Infection with Campylobacter spp. was detected in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of EC taken from gastroesophageal biopsy specimens obtained from the participants, and evaluated using TaqMan® real-time PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and perform data analysis. Results Smoking, alcohol use, a family history of cancer, history of gastroesophageal reflux disease, poor oral hygiene and Campylobacter spp. infection were shown to be significant risk factors for EC (p < 0.05). The combination of poor oral hygiene and infection with Campylobacter spp. constituted significant risk for EC (p < 0.001). In addition, the risk of EC in subjects co-infected with C. rectus and C. concisus that practiced poor oral hygiene was even higher and was significant (ORadj = 4.7; 95% CI 2.41–9.98; p = 0.003). Conclusions In Thailand, the major risk factors for EC are smoking status, alcohol drinking, family history of cancer, GERD, poor oral hygiene and Campylobacter spp. infection. This study found Campylobacter spp. prevalence to be associated with EC and appears to be enhanced by poor oral hygiene, suggesting that a combination of poor oral hygiene and Campylobacter species infection may together act as an important etiological risk factor for EC.

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