The State of Cybersecurity in Smart Manufacturing Systems: A Systematic Review

With the advent of the so-called 4th Industrial Revolution, personified in the globally commented Industry 4.0, there is a change in progress in manufacturing systems, provided by the development of communication and information technologies, adding an intelligence component in manufacturing plants, through the possibility connectivity and interaction throughout the production chain (intelligent manufacturing systems or cyber-physical systems). However, this new paradigm has an extremely sensitive component, which is the question of the security of the data that is transferred and of the production processes itself. Due to this premise, this article proposed to bring, through a systematic literature review, research about the academic works related to security in these new manufacturing structures (smart manufacturing systems), analyzing which strategies, methodologies, techniques, and technologies have currently used to learn about their vulnerabilities and mitigate possible attacks.

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The Potential of Additive Manufacturing in the Smart Factory Industrial 4.0: A Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9183865 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (18) ◽

pp. 3865 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Mehrshad Mehrpouya ◽

Amir Dehghanghadikolaei ◽

Behzad Fotovvati ◽

Alireza Vosooghnia ◽

Sattar S. Emamian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Industry 4.0 ◽

Information Technologies ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Future Trend ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

The Future ◽

Smart Manufacturing Systems

Additive manufacturing (AM) or three-dimensional (3D) printing has introduced a novel production method in design, manufacturing, and distribution to end-users. This technology has provided great freedom in design for creating complex components, highly customizable products, and efficient waste minimization. The last industrial revolution, namely industry 4.0, employs the integration of smart manufacturing systems and developed information technologies. Accordingly, AM plays a principal role in industry 4.0 thanks to numerous benefits, such as time and material saving, rapid prototyping, high efficiency, and decentralized production methods. This review paper is to organize a comprehensive study on AM technology and present the latest achievements and industrial applications. Besides that, this paper investigates the sustainability dimensions of the AM process and the added values in economic, social, and environment sections. Finally, the paper concludes by pointing out the future trend of AM in technology, applications, and materials aspects that have the potential to come up with new ideas for the future of AM explorations.

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Developing of Industry 4.0 Applications

International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) ◽

10.3991/ijoe.v13i10.7331 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Juan David Contreras ◽

Jose Isidro Garcia ◽

Juan David Diaz

Keyword(s):

Industry 4.0 ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Manufacturing System ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Intelligent Manufacturing ◽

Reference Architecture ◽

Physical Systems ◽

Architecture Model ◽

Smart Factories ◽

Correct Implementation

<p class="0papertitle">The fourth industrial revolution or industry 4.0 has become a trend topic nowadays, this standard-based strategy integrates Smart Factories, Cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things, and Internet of Service with the aim of extended the capacities of the manufacturing systems. Although several authors have presented the advantages of this approach, few papers refer to an architecture that allows the correct implementation of industry 4.0 applications using the guidelines of the reference architecture model (RAMI 4.0). In this way, this article exposes the essential characteristics that allow a manufacturing system to be retrofitting as a correct industry 4.0 application. Specifically, an intelligent manufacturing system under a holonic approach was developed and implemented using standards like FDI, AutomationML and OPC UA according to the RAMI 4.0</p>

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Evaluating Centralized and Heterarchical Control of Smart Manufacturing Systems in the Era of Industry 4.0

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10030755 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 755 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna Rosaria Boccella ◽

Piera Centobelli ◽

Roberto Cerchione ◽

Teresa Murino ◽

Ralph Riedel

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Virtual Learning Environment ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Centralized Control ◽

Flexible Control ◽

Materials Handling ◽

Modern Manufacturing ◽

Heterarchical Control ◽

Smart Manufacturing Systems

In light of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the concepts of flexibility and re-configurability of manufacturing systems and the evolution of their control architectures are becoming increasingly important. The development of Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) and their flexibility and integrated capabilities have paved the way to the transition from centralized control to heterarchical (decentralized) control architectures. In this paper, a comparison between centralized and heterarchical control architectures in a virtual learning environment is presented. The control architectures of the assembly station and the materials handling system of modern manufacturing systems have been conceptualized and tested under different working conditions. The results show that centralized control is the best solution only for deterministic and predictable scenarios, which are very far from reality, whereas, in case of failures, a more flexible control is preferable.

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Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing convergence: profiling guidelines for a fourth revolution

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v9i2.30476 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 464

Author(s):

John Henry Avila ◽

Richard De Jesús Gil-Herrera

Keyword(s):

Industry 4.0 ◽

Information Technologies ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Semantic Representation ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Global Trends ◽

Physical Systems ◽

Service Companies ◽

Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽

Connectivity Information

Nowadays, all companies are subject to new global trends related to smart manufacturing, connectivity, information technologies applications, big cloud-based data analysis, Cyber-Physical Systems, among others. These factors generate changes in the supply chain of manufacturing and service companies. According to literature reviewing, the applicable central model of the new trends, which allows these companies to face these changes, has been in continues movement. To understand the behavior of these trends, a documentary review related to Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing as trends that outline the fourth industrial revolution, is facing through this work. As result of this review, the authors to develop holistically a semantic representation of the main terms of descriptive figures and graphs, some components and terminology related to Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing. As main conclusion, this reached integrated view, aimed to establish a semantic guideline of the fourth industrial revolution that may be also applicable to the enterprise no matter its size.

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Systematic analysis of needs and requirements for the design of smart manufacturing systems in SMEs☆

Journal of Computational Design and Engineering ◽

10.1093/jcde/qwaa012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 129-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Erwin Rauch ◽

Andrew R Vickery

Keyword(s):

Industry 4.0 ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Functional Requirements ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Scientific Approach ◽

Smart Manufacturing Systems

Abstract With the increasing trend of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0 or smart manufacturing, many companies are now facing the challenge of implementing Industry 4.0 methods and technologies. This is a challenge especially for small and medium-sized enterprises, as they have neither sufficient human nor financial resources to deal with the topic sufficiently. However, since small and medium-sized enterprises form the backbone of the economy, it is particularly important to support these companies in the introduction of Industry 4.0 and to develop appropriate tools. This work is intended to fill this gap and to enhance research on Industry 4.0 for small and medium-sized enterprises by presenting an exploratory study that has been used to systematically analyze and evaluate the needs and translate them into a final list of (functional) requirements and constraints using axiomatic design as scientific approach.

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Healthy Operator 4.0: A Human Cyber–Physical System Architecture for Smart Workplaces

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20072011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shengjing Sun ◽

Xiaochen Zheng ◽

Bing Gong ◽

Jorge García Paredes ◽

Joaquín Ordieres-Meré

Keyword(s):

System Architecture ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Cyber Physical Systems ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Prototype System ◽

Implementation Framework ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Physical Systems ◽

Enabling Technologies ◽

Smart Manufacturing Systems

Recent advances in technology have empowered the widespread application of cyber–physical systems in manufacturing and fostered the Industry 4.0 paradigm. In the factories of the future, it is possible that all items, including operators, will be equipped with integrated communication and data processing capabilities. Operators can become part of the smart manufacturing systems, and this fosters a paradigm shift from independent automated and human activities to human–cyber–physical systems (HCPSs). In this context, a Healthy Operator 4.0 (HO4.0) concept was proposed, based on a systemic view of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and wearable technology. For the implementation of this relatively new concept, we constructed a unified architecture to support the integration of different enabling technologies. We designed an implementation model to facilitate the practical application of this concept in industry. The main enabling technologies of the model are introduced afterward. In addition, a prototype system was developed, and relevant experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system architecture and the implementation framework, as well as some of the derived benefits.

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Framework for the Development of Affective and Smart Manufacturing Systems Using Sensorised Surrogate Models

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21072274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2274

Author(s):

María Jesús Ávila-Gutiérrez ◽

Francisco Aguayo-González ◽

Juan Ramón Lama-Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Industry 4.0 ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Human Factor ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Physical Systems ◽

Support Skills ◽

Key Enabling Technologies ◽

Smart Manufacturing Systems ◽

New Framework

Human Factor strategy and management have been affected by the incorporation of Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) of industry 4.0, whereby operator 4.0 has been configured to address the wide variety of cooperative activities and to support skills that operate in VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) environments under the interaction with ubiquitous interfaces on real and virtual hybrid environments of cyber-physical systems. Current human Competences-Capacities that are supported by the technological enablers could result in a radically disempowered human factor. This means that in the processes of optimization and improvement of manufacturing systems from industry 4.0 to industry 5.0, it would be necessary to establish strategies for the empowerment of the human factor, which constitute symbiotic and co-evolutionary socio-technical systems through talent, sustainability, and innovation. This paper establishes a new framework for the design and development of occupational environments 5.0 for the inclusion of singularized operators 4.0, such as individuals with special capacities and talents. A case study for workers and their inclusion in employment is proposed. This model integrates intelligent and inclusive digital solutions in the current workspaces of organizations under digital transformation.

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Multi-Scale Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit Networks for Tool Wear Prediction in Smart Manufacturing

Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1186/s10033-021-00565-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Weixin Xu ◽

Huihui Miao ◽

Zhibin Zhao ◽

Jinxin Liu ◽

Chuang Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tool Wear ◽

Information Technologies ◽

Manufacturing Systems ◽

Smart Manufacturing ◽

Wear Prediction ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Tool Wear Prediction ◽

Machine Health Monitoring ◽

Gated Recurrent Unit ◽

Unit Network

AbstractAs an integrated application of modern information technologies and artificial intelligence, Prognostic and Health Management (PHM) is important for machine health monitoring. Prediction of tool wear is one of the symbolic applications of PHM technology in modern manufacturing systems and industry. In this paper, a multi-scale Convolutional Gated Recurrent Unit network (MCGRU) is proposed to address raw sensory data for tool wear prediction. At the bottom of MCGRU, six parallel and independent branches with different kernel sizes are designed to form a multi-scale convolutional neural network, which augments the adaptability to features of different time scales. These features of different scales extracted from raw data are then fed into a Deep Gated Recurrent Unit network to capture long-term dependencies and learn significant representations. At the top of the MCGRU, a fully connected layer and a regression layer are built for cutting tool wear prediction. Two case studies are performed to verify the capability and effectiveness of the proposed MCGRU network and results show that MCGRU outperforms several state-of-the-art baseline models.

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