MECHANICAL VENTILATION OF THE LUNGS WITH A TARGETED TIDAL VOLUME IN NEWBORNS AND INFANTS WITH VARIOUS LUNG DISEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
A.V. Mostovoy ◽  
◽  
S.S. Mezhinsky ◽  
A.L. Karpova ◽  
A.N. Nikolishin ◽  
...  

The review presents and systematizes the current provisions on artificial lung ventilation (ALV) with a guaranteed or target tidal volume as the most effective and safe mode of ALV in neonatal practice. The application of this method of respiratory support is described. The authors present the main provisions on the optimal selection of the target tidal volume in various pathological conditions. The use of various modes of ALV in combination with a guaranteed tidal volume makes it possible to prevent or reduce the harmful impact of ALV in patients with acute and chronic lung pathology, in newborns and children in the first year of life.

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vania Bustamante ◽  
Cecilia McCallum

This paper reports a study of how babies are fed during their first year of life as practiced by families living in a low-income neighborhood of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil and served by the state's Family Health Program. Two families were followed up over a year using the Bick method for the observation of mother-infant relationships. The results showed that although the families appreciated the recommendations of health professionals regarding the need to practice exclusive breastfeeding until the child reached six months, in practice during their first few weeks of life the babies were started on complementary food in addition to breast milk. The mothers made decisions regarding feeding the babies taking into consideration the following: The opinions of a selection of relatives; food availability; ideas about what is suitable for the developing baby; and finally, their observations of the child's responses. The results show that food is part of the mutually imbricated processes of the social construction of the person and the constitution of kinship ties. The conclusion reflects on the implications of these findings for health practices.


Author(s):  
С.А. Зозуля ◽  
И.Н. Отман ◽  
С.Э. Аракелов ◽  
Е.В. Балашова ◽  
С.Г. Морозов ◽  
...  

Актуальность. Риск развития тяжёлых патологических состояний у детей раннего возраста с последствиями в виде перинатальных поражений (ПП) ЦНС определяет необходимость разработки прогностических моделей, позволяющих оценить вероятность благоприятного/неблагоприятного исхода этих состояний. Принимая во внимание вовлечённость иммунных механизмов в патогенез ПП ЦНС, решение этой задачи возможно на основе использования иммунологических показателей крови, отражающих особенности клинического состояния пациентов. Цель исследования. Сопоставление уровня иммунологических маркёров, выявляемых на первом году жизни у детей с последствиями ПП ЦНС, с динамикой их клинического состояния через год, а также построение математической модели для вероятностной оценки исхода этих патологических состояний. Материал и методы. 114 детей с последствиями ПП ЦНС гипоксического генеза обследованы в динамике методом клинического наблюдения. Первое обследование детей проведено в возрасте от 6 до 12 месяцев (средний возраст 8,6 ± 2,7 месяца), повторное - через 9-12 месяцев (средний возраст 18,5 ± 3,5 месяцев). Группу контроля составили 73 здоровых ребенка соответствующего возраста без признаков ПП ЦНС. Иммунологические показатели крови - активность лейкоцитарной эластазы (ЛЭ), α1-протеиназного ингибитора (α1-ПИ) и уровень антител к белкам нервной ткани (S100B, ГФКП, ОБМ, ФРН) - определяли однократно при первом обследовании детей. Результаты. На первом году жизни в общей группе пациентов выявлена активация воспалительных, а в 25% случаев - и аутоиммунных реакций в сыворотке крови по сравнению с контролем (p < 0,05). Показано, что степень активации иммунной системы, выявляемой у обследованных детей при первичном клиническом исследовании, сопряжена с разной динамикой их нервно-психического развития в последующий год жизни. На основе полученных результатов построена модель бинарной логистической регрессии, позволяющая оценить вероятность дальнейшего исхода по индивидуальным иммунологическим показателям крови и возрасту ребёнка с последствиями ПП ЦНС. Диагностическая эффективность полученной регрессионной модели составила 79,8%, что указывает на её высокую прогностическую возможность. Заключение. Полученные результаты подтверждают значимость таких иммунологических маркёров, как активность ЛЭ и уровень антител к белкам нервной ткани в качестве предикторов исхода перенесенных ПП ЦНС у детей первых лет жизни, и позволяют рекомендовать эти показатели для объективизации состояния пациентов на ранних доклинических этапах развития заболевания. Background. The risk of developing severe pathological conditions in young children with the consequences of perinatal brain damage (PBD) determines the need to create a prognostic model to assess the probability of a favorable/unfavorable outcome. Taking into account the involvement of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of PBD, the solution of this problem is possible based on the use of immunological blood indicators associated with the peculiarities of the clinical state of the patients. Aim. To compare the level of immunological markers identified in the first year of life in PBD children with the dynamics of their clinical condition a year later, and to create a mathematical model for the prediction of the outcome of these pathological conditions. Material and methods. 114 children with consequences of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage were examined in dynamics by the clinical observation. The first examination was carried out in children aged 6 to 12 mos (mean age 8.6 ± 2.7 mos), and the second examination after 9 - 12 mos (18.5 ± 3.5 mos). The control group consisted of 73 age-matched healthy children without signs of PBD. Immunological blood parameters, the activities of leukocyte elastase (LE) and a1-proteinase inhibitor (a1-PI), as well as the levels of antibodies to nervous tissue proteins (S100B, GFAP, MBP, NGF) were determined during the first examination. Results. The activation of inflammatory, and in 25% of cases, of autoimmune reactions was evident in blood of children with PBD in the first year of life as compared with control children (p<0.05). The degree of immune system activation during the first clinical examination was associated with different dynamics of their mental development during the next year. Based on these findings, a binary logistic regression model was constructed. This model makes it possible to assess the PBD outcome based on the child’s immunological blood parameters and age. The diagnostic efficiency of the regression model was 79.8%, which demonstrates its high predictive value. Conclusion. The results confirm the importance of immunological markers of LE activity and the level of antibodies to nervous tissue proteins as predictors of PBD consequences in children during the first year of life. The results allow us to recommend these indicators for objectifying the condition of patients at the early preclinical stages of PBD development.


Author(s):  
M. Rosario Rueda ◽  
Michael I. Posner

Functions of attention include achievement and maintenance of a state of alertness, selection of information from sensory input, and regulation of responses when dominant or well-learned behavior is not appropriate. These functions have been associated with activation of separate networks of brain areas. We review the developmental course of the attention networks during infancy and childhood and the neural mechanisms underlying their maturation. Alerting is active early in infancy, although the ability to endogenously maintain the level of alertness develops through late childhood. The capacity to orient attention to external stimulation is also present from quite early in life, and most aspects of orienting related to the control of disengagement and voluntary orientation improve during childhood. Executive attention starts developing by the second half of the first year of life, showing significant maturation during the preschool years. The efficiency of all three functions is subject to important individual differences, which may be partially due to variations in genes related to neurotransmitters that modulate the activation of the attention networks. Additionally, attention can be fostered by training, and attention training has the potential to benefit aspects of behavior central to education and socialization processes. Finally, we discuss changes in attention that occur late in life.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
S. M. Ivantsov ◽  
Ilya A. Soinov ◽  
Yu. Yu. Kulyabin ◽  
N. R. Nichay ◽  
A. V. Voitov ◽  
...  

Aim of the study. To evaluate the results of treatment of sterno- mediastinitis using vacuum therapy in patients of the first year of life. Material and methods. The study included 25 children under the age of 1 year who had undergone cardiac surgery from median sternotomy in the period from August 2013 to August 2016 on the basis of the E.N. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, , complicated by infection of the wound. Results. Vacuum therapy in the treatment of sterno-mediastinitis was used in 25 infants, aged 103 (average) (9 ÷ 167) days. Superficial infection developed in 10 (40%) patients, deep infection - in 15 (60%) children. The average duration of vacuum therapy was 6.9 (3 ÷ 8) days. The average time of artificial lung ventilation was 147 (12 ÷ 176) hours, the duration of treatment in the intensive care unit was 7.6 (3.2 ÷ 8.6) days. Complications were present in 7 (28%) patients and included multiple organ failure (8%), isolated renal dysfunction (12%), bleeding (4%), relapse of infection (4%). 2 (8%) patients died due to symptoms of severe multiorgan failure. The average length of the hospital stay was of 30 (23 ÷ 38) days. Conclusions. Vacuum therapy can be successfully used for the treatment of sterno-mediastinitis in children of the first year of life as also an excellent alternative to the traditional treatment method.


2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Maggie-Lee Huckabee

Abstract Research exists that evaluates the mechanics of swallowing respiratory coordination in healthy children and adults as well and individuals with swallowing impairment. The research program summarized in this article represents a systematic examination of swallowing respiratory coordination across the lifespan as a means of behaviorally investigating mechanisms of cortical modulation. Using time-locked recordings of submental surface electromyography, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustics, three conditions of swallowing were evaluated in 20 adults in a single session and 10 infants in 10 sessions across the first year of life. The three swallowing conditions were selected to represent a continuum of volitional through nonvolitional swallowing control on the basis of a decreasing level of cortical activation. Our primary finding is that, across the lifespan, brainstem control strongly dictates the duration of swallowing apnea and is heavily involved in organizing the integration of swallowing and respiration, even in very early infancy. However, there is evidence that cortical modulation increases across the first 12 months of life to approximate more adult-like patterns of behavior. This modulation influences primarily conditions of volitional swallowing; sleep and naïve swallows appear to not be easily adapted by cortical regulation. Thus, it is attention, not arousal that engages cortical mechanisms.


2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A209-A209
Author(s):  
G RIEZZO ◽  
R CASTELLANA ◽  
T DEBELLIS ◽  
F LAFORGIA ◽  
F INDRIO ◽  
...  

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