scholarly journals 論傳統＂義＂德在抗擊重大疫情中的現實意義——基於博弈論的分析

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Ying KONG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Individual Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Private Benefit ◽  
Private Interests

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 在中國發生重大的公共衛生危機——新型冠狀肺炎病毒爆發的背景下，防疫工作不可避免地面臨一些個人與他人或社會的利益衝突。妥善解決這些衝突需要道德的支撐。當前重大疫情下普通人表現出的助人為樂、捨己為人的義舉，或繼承自傳統美德，或至少與傳統“義”德相符合。傳統的“義”德注重公利，在抗擊重大疫情過程中能夠發揮重要作用。這種現實作用能夠被博弈論中的純策略博弈和信任博弈分析所證明。抗擊重大疫情需要整個社會的團結協作，個人需講求“公義”、 “信義”，明白義利的統一性，必要地讓渡“私利”，將防疫的“公利”最大化，方能打贏抗疫戰，從而更廣泛地保護個人“私利”。 In the context of the outbreak of covid-19 pandemic and its impact on public health, the conflicts of interests between individuals and between an individual and society have become an ethical challenge. The traditional Chinese concept of “righteousness” (yi) calls for the need for public good, whereas “benefit” (li) is often associated with private interests, as shown in the Confucian-Mohist debate. In this paper, I show that there is another reading of the concept of “righteousness” that does not necessarily exclude the idea of individual interest and benefit. In addition, I use “game theory” to illustrate the unity of public righteousness and private benefit.

Expanding the concept of the professional integrity of obstetrics during a public health emergency

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Chervenak ◽  
Amos Grünebaum ◽  
Eran Bornstein ◽  
Shane Wasden ◽  
Adi Katz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Ethical Judgment ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Professional Integrity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Obstetric Services

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed great demands on many hospitals to maximize their capacity to care for affected patients. The requirement to reassign space has created challenges for obstetric services. We describe the nature of that challenge for an obstetric service in New York City. This experience raised an ethical challenge: whether it would be consistent with professional integrity to respond to a public health emergency with a plan for obstetric services that would create an increased risk of rare maternal mortality. We answered this question using the conceptual tools of professional ethics in obstetrics, especially the professional virtue of integrity. A public health emergency requires frameshifting from an individual-patient perspective to a population-based perspective. We show that an individual-patient-based, beneficence-based deliberative clinical judgment is not an adequate basis for organizational policy in response to a public health emergency. Instead, physicians, especially those in leadership positions, must frameshift to population-based clinical ethical judgment that focuses on reduction of mortality as much as possible in the entire population of patients served by a healthcare organization.

Health Systems and Public Health Thinking

Pained ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Michael D. Stein ◽  
Sandro Galea
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Health System ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Appointment Keeping

This chapter addresses how homelessness affects health. The disordered lives of homeless patients disrupt appointment-keeping and medication adherence, even as they generate need for more treatment by driving health challenges like depression, high blood pressure, and hospitalizations. As such, some health systems have begun to address the link between homelessness and health. One Boston health system, for example, announced plans to subsidize housing for the patients for whom it is accountable, to give this population some measure of the shelter and stability necessary for good health. As a society, people tend to forget that health is a public good supported by their collective investment in resources such as education, the environment, and, indeed, housing. Health systems can help people remember, by investing in these resources, to improve the health of patients. Indeed, health systems can direct people toward a better understanding of what truly shapes health, but it is ultimately the people’s responsibility to act on that knowledge and build a world that generates health.

The Right to Public Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-125
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

This chapter reframes the project of public health within a rights framework. It argues that there is a right to health, and this entails that individuals have a right to public health. Given that there is a right to public health, the state should undertake to reduce health risks. If a state does not take easy steps to reduce risks to health, and as a result allows significant numbers to come to harm or even death, then it violates individuals’ right to public health, and should be criticized as a Neglectful State. The ethical challenge of public health policy is therefore not the one-sided one of avoiding Nannying, but the more complex task of steering a course between Nannying and Neglect. Avoiding Neglect may involve restricting liberty in various ways.

scholarly journals Where Does Open Science Lead Us During a Pandemic? A Public Good Argument to Prioritize Rights in the Open Commons

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN CAPPS
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Good Argument ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Space ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Clinical Responses ◽  
The Commons

AbstractDuring the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, open science has become central to experimental, public health, and clinical responses across the globe. Open science (OS) is described as an open commons, in which a right to science renders all possible scientific data for everyone to access and use. In this common space, capitalist platforms now provide many essential services and are taking the lead in public health activities. These neoliberal businesses, however, have a problematic role in the capture of public goods. This paper argues that the open commons is a community of rights, consisting of people and institutions whose interests mutually support the public good. If OS is a cornerstone of public health, then reaffirming the public good is its overriding purpose, and unethical platforms ought to be excluded from the commons and its benefits.

Cooperation or Competition: Does Game Theory Have Relevance for Public Health?

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne W. Westhoff ◽  
Cynthia F. Cohen ◽  
Elizabeth Elliott Cooper ◽  
Jaime Corvin ◽  
Robert J. McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Game Theory

scholarly journals COVID-19 Capitalism: The Profit Motive versus Public Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Profit Motive ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Market Incentives ◽  
Motivated Behaviors

Abstract Market incentives in capitalist economies and public health requirements are contradictory. In the COVID-19 pandemic, market-rewarded self-interested behavior has been exposed as a source of mortality and morbidity. Profit-motivated behaviors can keep people from accessing necessities for health thereby harming individuals and possibly damaging population health. The profit motive can also undermine healthcare system capacity by maldistributing goods that are inputs to healthcare. Furthermore, because profit-seeking is economically rational in capitalism, capitalist imperatives may be incompatible with public health. The ways markets misallocate resources provide a rationale for state responsibility for health, which is a public good.

scholarly journals Increasing Access to Surgical Services for the Poor in Rural Haiti: Surgery as a Public Good for Public Health

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise C. Ivers ◽  
Evan S. Garfein ◽  
Josué Augustin ◽  
Maxi Raymonville ◽  
Alice T. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Surgical Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Good For
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