PRINCIPLE OF INFORMED CONSENT AND SOME ETHICAL ISSUES OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
MANUK HARUTYUNYAN ◽  
SONA DAVTYAN
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Ethical Problems

The article addresses some of the ethical problems of experimental medicine. The main focus of the research is the disclosure of the complex and contradictory nature of the influence of the principle of informed consent on the experiments in the field of medicine.

Ethics

Oncology ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 728-738
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Ivascu ◽  
Sheida Tabaie ◽  
Ellen C. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Surrogate Decision ◽  
Special Circumstances

In all areas of medicine physicians are confronted with a myriad ethical problems. It is important that intensivists are well versed on ethical issues that commonly arise in the critical care setting. This chapter will serve to provide a review of common topics, including informed consent, decision-making capacity, and surrogate decision-making. It will also highlight special circumstances related to cardiac surgical critical care, including ethical concerns associated with emerging technologies in cardiac care.

Ethics

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Ivascu ◽  
Sheida Tabaie ◽  
Ellen C. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Surrogate Decision ◽  
Special Circumstances

In all areas of medicine physicians are confronted with a myriad ethical problems. It is important that intensivists are well versed on ethical issues that commonly arise in the critical care setting. This chapter will serve to provide a review of common topics, including informed consent, decision-making capacity, and surrogate decision-making. It will also highlight special circumstances related to cardiac surgical critical care, including ethical concerns associated with emerging technologies in cardiac care.

Ethics

2015 ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Ivascu ◽  
Sheida Tabaie ◽  
Ellen C. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Surrogate Decision ◽  
Special Circumstances

In all areas of medicine physicians are confronted with a myriad ethical problems. It is important that intensivists are well versed on ethical issues that commonly arise in the critical care setting. This chapter will serve to provide a review of common topics, including informed consent, decision-making capacity, and surrogate decision-making. It will also highlight special circumstances related to cardiac surgical critical care, including ethical concerns associated with emerging technologies in cardiac care.

Ethical considerations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Streiner ◽  
Geoffrey R. Norman ◽  
John Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Consequential Validity ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Majority Population

Although studies of the psychometric properties of scales do not have the same ethical challenges as those involving interventions, there are still areas that researchers need to be sensitive to. These include issues such as informed consent, especially with vulnerable populations, and deception. This chapter also discusses confidentiality, and when this can be breached for legal reasons. It also returns to the issue of consequential validity and the ethical issues that may arise when minority or disadvantaged groups attain scores that are different from those of the majority population. This chapter discusses these and other ethical problems that may arise within the context of developing and validating scales.

scholarly journals What Does Artificial Intelligence Mean for Oncologists?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gali Katznelson ◽  
Brandon Chan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Imperative ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Structural Inequities

Recent developments with artificial intelligence (AI) and cancer care suggest that AI has far reaching implications for the field. Such developments bring with them many ethical challenges for the oncologist. When integrating AI into patient care, oncologists can start with Beauchamp and Childress’ framework of biomedical ethics to consider ethical issues that AI can pose, such as challenges related to informed consent, preventing harm from bias, and the potential to reinforce structural inequities. In using AI, the greatest ethical imperative for the oncologist is to have an in-depth understanding of the technology being used. Understanding the AI being used in patient care will help oncologists navigate the myriad ethical problems associated with it.

Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology

2010 ◽  
pp. 183-210
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Ethics Code ◽  
Canadian Psychological Association

This chapter examines how ethical issues are approached differently by two prominent psychological associations, how they are encountered by psychologists, the formal complaints they give rise to, and how they can be approached systematically to avoid missteps. Included are basic assumptions about ethics; the unique approaches to developing a ethics code taken by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), and what each of these two codes provides; empirical data about what ethical problems psychologists encounter and what formal complaints they face; four major sets of ethical issues that are particularly complex and challenging (confidentiality, informed consent, competence, and boundaries); an area of major controversy (clinical psychology and national security); steps in ethical decision-making; and four possible lines of future research.

scholarly journals Ethical issues in genomics research on neurodevelopmental disorders: a critical interpretive review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mezinska ◽  
L. Gallagher ◽  
M. Verbrugge ◽  
E.M. Bunnik
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Genomic Research

Abstract Background Genomic research on neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), particularly involving minors, combines and amplifies existing research ethics issues for biomedical research. We performed a review of the literature on the ethical issues associated with genomic research involving children affected by NDDs as an aid to researchers to better anticipate and address ethical concerns. Results Qualitative thematic analysis of the included articles revealed themes in three main areas: research design and ethics review, inclusion of research participants, and communication of research results. Ethical issues known to be associated with genomic research in general, such as privacy risks and informed consent/assent, seem especially pressing for NDD participants because of their potentially decreased cognitive abilities, increased vulnerability, and stigma associated with mental health problems. Additionally, there are informational risks: learning genetic information about NDD may have psychological and social impact, not only for the research participant but also for family members. However, there are potential benefits associated with research participation, too: by enrolling in research, the participants may access genetic testing and thus increase their chances of receiving a (genetic) diagnosis for their neurodevelopmental symptoms, prognostic or predictive information about disease progression or the risk of concurrent future disorders. Based on the results of our review, we developed an ethics checklist for genomic research involving children affected by NDDs. Conclusions In setting up and designing genomic research efforts in NDD, researchers should partner with communities of persons with NDDs. Particular attention should be paid to preventing disproportional burdens of research participation of children with NDDs and their siblings, parents and other family members. Researchers should carefully tailor the information and informed consent procedures to avoid therapeutic and diagnostic misconception in NDD research. To better anticipate and address ethical issues in specific NDD studies, we suggest researchers to use the ethics checklist for genomic research involving children affected by NDDs presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Ethical issues relating to qualitative research

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jelsma ◽  
S. Clow
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Scientific Rigour ◽  
Hands On

Qualitative research or naturalistic research has moved from the sidelines into the mainstream of health research and an increasing number of qualitative research proposals are being presented for ethical review Qualitative research presents ethical problems that which are unique to the intensive hands-on paradigm which characterises naturalistic research. This paper briefly outlines the most common methodologies used in this research. The four ethical principles of benevolence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice will be used as a framework to explore specific ethical issues related to this form of inquiry. The need for scientific rigour will also be explored as research that is scientifically unsound can never be ethical.

Commentary 1: Research with Persons Under Involuntary Commitment—Ethical Issues Surrounding Competence and Voluntariness

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-478
Author(s):  
Matthé Scholten ◽  
Jochen Vollmann
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Research Participant ◽  
Involuntary Commitment ◽  
Proxy Consent ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
Manic Symptoms ◽  
Prospective Research

In this case commentary, we analyze ethical concerns that were raised in response to an interview with a woman with bipolar disorder who was under involuntary commitment. We focus on competence and voluntariness as two prerequisites for valid informed consent. We recommend that judgments of competence be based on whether prospective research participants sufficiently possess certain decision-making abilities. Based on this functional approach, we argue that manic symptoms need not undermine competence and that, even if we were to assume that the research participant became incompetent during the interview, this would not invalidate her consent retroactively. It would, however, compromise her ability to revoke her consent. We furthermore show that obtaining additional proxy consent for research participation may compromise the autonomy of service users who are competent to consent. Then we turn to the issue of voluntariness. Arguing that neither the great strength nor the external etiology of a desire compromises voluntariness, we propose that the voluntariness of a decision instead depends on whether the decision-maker endorses it on reflection. The researchers disclosed that prospective research participants’ decision about study participation would have no influence on the duration of the commitment or the quality of care. We contend that because of this neither coercion nor undue influence was exerted in the informed consent process. Nevertheless, there is an increased likelihood of perceived coercion and undue influence under conditions of involuntary commitment, and we close by suggesting some safeguards to prevent this.

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