Ethical considerations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Streiner ◽  
Geoffrey R. Norman ◽  
John Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Consequential Validity ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Majority Population

Although studies of the psychometric properties of scales do not have the same ethical challenges as those involving interventions, there are still areas that researchers need to be sensitive to. These include issues such as informed consent, especially with vulnerable populations, and deception. This chapter also discusses confidentiality, and when this can be breached for legal reasons. It also returns to the issue of consequential validity and the ethical issues that may arise when minority or disadvantaged groups attain scores that are different from those of the majority population. This chapter discusses these and other ethical problems that may arise within the context of developing and validating scales.

scholarly journals What Does Artificial Intelligence Mean for Oncologists?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gali Katznelson ◽  
Brandon Chan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Imperative ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Structural Inequities

Recent developments with artificial intelligence (AI) and cancer care suggest that AI has far reaching implications for the field. Such developments bring with them many ethical challenges for the oncologist. When integrating AI into patient care, oncologists can start with Beauchamp and Childress’ framework of biomedical ethics to consider ethical issues that AI can pose, such as challenges related to informed consent, preventing harm from bias, and the potential to reinforce structural inequities. In using AI, the greatest ethical imperative for the oncologist is to have an in-depth understanding of the technology being used. Understanding the AI being used in patient care will help oncologists navigate the myriad ethical problems associated with it.

scholarly journals Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia through an ethical lens: A study of non-state actors involved in aid distribution

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Melati Nungsari ◽  
Chuah Hui Yin ◽  
Nicole Fong ◽  
Veena Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
The Impact

Background: Globally, vulnerable populations have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent responses, such as lockdown measures and mass vaccinations. Numerous ethical challenges have arisen at different levels, be it at the policy-making level or on the ground. For example, policymakers have to contain a highly contagious disease with high morbidity using scarce resources, while minimizing the medium- to long-term social and economic impacts induced by containment measures. This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations in Malaysia by using an intersectional framework that accounts for overlapping forms of marginalization.   Methods: This study utilizes in-depth qualitative data obtained from 34 individuals and organizations to understand the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia. We utilize four principles of ethics to guide our coding and interpretation of the data – namely beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. We utilize a frequency analysis to roughly understand the types of ethical issues that emerged. Using hermeneutic content analysis (HCA), we then explore how the principles interact with each other. Results: Through the frequently analysis, we found that although beneficence was very prevalent in our dataset, so was a significant amount of harm – as perpetuated through injustice, the removal or lack of autonomy and maleficence. We also unearthed a worrying landscape of harm and deep systemic issues associated with a lack of support for vulnerable households – further exacerbated during the pandemic. Conclusions: Policy recommendations for aid organizations and society to mitigate these ethical problems are presented, such as long overdue institutional reforms and stronger ethical practices rooted in human rights principles, which government agencies and aid providers can then use in the provision of aid to vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy Ethics in Twentieth-Century Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Magdalena Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Twentieth Century Literature ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Century Literature

Ethical issues arising in the practice of psychotherapy, such as confidentiality, boundaries in the therapeutic relationship, and informed consent, figure prominently in a range of twentieth-century literary texts that portray psychotherapy. This chapter analyzes the portrayal of these conflicts, but also stresses that they are often marginal to the overall plot structures of these narratives and that literary depictions of psychotherapy are often vague or even inaccurate concerning key characteristics of psychotherapeutic practice. Focusing on examples that either illustrate professionalism and the absence of ethical challenges in psychotherapy, or take up the ethical reservations that fueled anti-Freudianism or the anti-psychiatry movement, the chapter proposes that selected literary depictions of psychotherapy can play a key role in sensitizing therapists to the complex make-up of ethical dilemmas as well as illustrating the cultural and historical contexts of these dilemmas.

scholarly journals Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia through an ethical lens: A study of NGOs and organizations involved in aid distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Melati Nungsari ◽  
Hui Yin Chuah ◽  
Nicole Fong ◽  
Veena Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Vulnerable Households ◽  
The Impact

Background: Globally, vulnerable populations have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent responses, such as lockdown measures and mass vaccinations. Numerous ethical challenges have arisen at different levels, be it at the policy-making level or on the ground. For example, policymakers have to contain a highly contagious disease with high morbidity using scarce resources, while minimizing the medium- to long-term social and economic impacts induced by containment measures. This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations in Malaysia by using an intersectional framework that accounts for overlapping forms of marginalization.   Methods: This study utilizes in-depth qualitative data obtained from 34 individuals and organizations to understand the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia. We utilize four principles of ethics to guide our coding and interpretation of the data – namely beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. We utilize a frequency analysis to roughly understand the types of ethical issues that emerged. Using hermeneutic content analysis (HCA), we then explore how the principles interact with each other. Results: Through the frequently analysis, we found that although beneficence was very prevalent in our dataset, so was a significant amount of harm – as perpetuated through injustice, the removal or lack of autonomy and maleficence. We also unearthed a worrying landscape of harm and deep systemic issues associated with a lack of support for vulnerable households – further exacerbated during the pandemic. Conclusions: Policy recommendations for aid organizations and society to mitigate these ethical problems are presented, such as long overdue institutional reforms and stronger ethical practices rooted in human rights principles, which government agencies and aid providers can then use in the provision of aid to vulnerable populations.

Qualitative research ethics on the spot

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Øye ◽  
Nelli Øvre Sørensen ◽  
Stinne Glasdam
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Review Boards

Background: The increase in medical ethical regulations and bureaucracy handled by institutional review boards and healthcare institutions puts the researchers using qualitative methods in a challenging position. Method: Based on three different cases from three different research studies, the article explores and discusses research ethical dilemmas. Objectives and ethical considerations: First, and especially, the article addresses the challenges for gatekeepers who influence the informant’s decisions to participate in research. Second, the article addresses the challenges in following research ethical guidelines related to informed consent and doing no harm. Third, the article argues for the importance of having research ethical guidelines and review boards to question and discuss the possible ethical dilemmas that occur in qualitative research. Discussion and conclusion: Research ethics must be understood in qualitative research as relational, situational, and emerging. That is, that focus on ethical issues and dilemmas has to be paid attention on the spot and not only at the desktop.

PRINCIPLE OF INFORMED CONSENT AND SOME ETHICAL ISSUES OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-211
Author(s):  
MANUK HARUTYUNYAN ◽  
SONA DAVTYAN
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Experimental Medicine ◽  
Ethical Problems

The article addresses some of the ethical problems of experimental medicine. The main focus of the research is the disclosure of the complex and contradictory nature of the influence of the principle of informed consent on the experiments in the field of medicine.

Ethics

Oncology ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 728-738
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Ivascu ◽  
Sheida Tabaie ◽  
Ellen C. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Surrogate Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Surrogate Decision ◽  
Special Circumstances

In all areas of medicine physicians are confronted with a myriad ethical problems. It is important that intensivists are well versed on ethical issues that commonly arise in the critical care setting. This chapter will serve to provide a review of common topics, including informed consent, decision-making capacity, and surrogate decision-making. It will also highlight special circumstances related to cardiac surgical critical care, including ethical concerns associated with emerging technologies in cardiac care.

scholarly journals The Place of Ethics in Entrepreneurship: The Nigerian Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwaoma Ironkwe ◽  
Ordu Promise A
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Business Survival ◽  
Integrity Testing ◽  
Management Roles

Management and entrepreneurship practitioners now face more ethical issues every day of their working lives than ever. They face hard decision that does not have an ethical dimension or facet. This is an issue of ethical problems in the decision making process. Scholars have opined that leaders confront ethical issues as they carry out their management responsibilities (Ordu and Okoroafor, 2014). Leaders face the matters of morality; right and wrong, fairness and unfairness, and justice or lack of justice, actions or behaviours in their decision making process of planning, organizing, motivating, communicating, delegating or committing some other management roles. Furthermore, ethics, entrepreneurship and ethical perspectives in management are crucial and these features are indispensible for business survival. Managers today must be informed and this has been receiving attention from scholars and industry practitioners. The focus of this paper is to assist entrepreneurship practitioners to uphold ethical practices that are vital for business survival given the ethical problems prevalent in organisations especially in Nigerian context. Looking at the theories associated with stages of ethical consciousness of organization, various forms of business ethical code formation are highlighted as these are essential and needs to be in place if any entrepreneurial activity must survive. In addition, factors that influence unethical behaviours are explored. There are ethical challenges entrepreneurship may face given the Nigerian context. In conclusion, a way forward for overcoming the ethical challenges has been suggested: getting managers to be accountable and responsible, as well as designing an ethical management index and integrity testing etc.

scholarly journals Ethical Considerations in Ending Exploratory Brain–Computer Interface Research Studies in Locked-in Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERAN KLEIN ◽  
BETTS PETERS ◽  
MATT HIGGER
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Recent Attention ◽  
Potential Tool

Abstract:Brain–computer interface (BCI) is a promising technology for restoring communication in individuals with locked-in syndrome (LIS). BCI technology offers a potential tool for individuals with impaired or absent means of effective communication to use brain activity to control an output device such as a computer keyboard. Exploratory studies of BCI devices for communication in people with LIS are underway. Research with individuals with LIS presents not only technological challenges, but ethical challenges as well. Whereas recent attention has been focused on ethical issues that arise at the initiation of studies, such as how to obtain valid consent, relatively little attention has been given to issues at the conclusion of studies. BCI research in LIS highlights one such challenge: How to decide when an exploratory BCI research study should end. In this article, we present the case of an individual with presumed LIS enrolled in an exploratory BCI study. We consider whether two common ethical frameworks for stopping randomized clinical trials—equipoise and nonexploitation—can be usefully applied to elucidating researcher obligations to end exploratory BCI research. We argue that neither framework is a good fit for exploratory BCI research. Instead, we apply recent work on clinician-researcher fiduciary obligations and in turn offer some preliminary recommendations for BCI researchers on how to end exploratory BCI studies.

Research in Adults with Diminished Capacity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Dickert ◽  
Emily Largent
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Decisional Capacity ◽  
Ethical Research ◽  
Diminished Capacity ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Surrogate Consent

Informed consent is often identified as a condition of ethical research. Therefore, ethical challenges arise when conducting research with adults who lack the capacity to provide informed consent. In this chapter, the authors consider these challenges using two principal cases: adults with dementia and adults with acute, emergent health conditions. As this pair of cases shows, decisional capacity can be “diminished” in many ways, and a number of strategies are available to address diminished capacity. In this chapter, the authors highlight surrogate consent and the partial-involvement strategies of assent and dissent and note additional protections afforded to these vulnerable populations.

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