Biological Control of the Artillery Fungus, Sphaerobolus stellatus, with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Three strains of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and two strains of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn were evaluated for their ability to suppress colonization and sporulation of the artillery fungus (Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode:Pers.) on oatmeal agar. All five biological control agents inhibited growth of S. stellatus, but efficacy depended on time of application. Simultaneous inoculation of agar with S. stellatus and the biocontrol agents, as well as inoculation of biocontrol agents 14 days prior to S. stellatus, resulted in complete inhibition of S. stellatus. Inoculation of agar with biocontrol agents 14 days after inoculation with S. stellatus reduced, but did not completely suppress S. stellatus colonization and sporulation. In this experiment, gleba (spore masses) treated with all strains of T. harzianum and strain GBO3 of B. subtilis did not germinate, but 13% of gleba treated with strain MBI 600 of B. subtilis did germinate. Trichoderma harzianum was more effective than B. subtilis as a biocontrol agent.

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The efficacy of fungicides and biocontrol agents for control of Glomerella cingulata on Satsuma mandarins

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4259 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 84-88

Author(s):

K.R. Everett ◽

T. Machin

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Plant Material ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Copper Hydroxide ◽

Glomerella Cingulata ◽

Similar Mode ◽

Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterium Bacillus

Six products were tested for efficacy for control of anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata on Satsuma mandarins There were three conventional fungicides (folpet copper hydroxide and mancozeb) and three new biological control agents (Botryzen Serenade and an experimental product HR42) Botryzen is a saprophytic fungus that competitively colonises plant material also invaded by pathogenic fungi Serenade is a saprophytic bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) that produces a diffusable substance that inhibits fungal pathogens and HR42 is a saprophytic bacterium with a similar mode of action to Serenade Application of Serenade HR42 and mancozeb significantly (Plt;0005) reduced symptoms (speckles) ascribed to G cingulata Isolations of Bacillus subtilis from leaf discs of Serenadetreated trees showed that leaves were successfully colonised by this bacterium up to at least a week after application Blotches that could not be removed appeared on fruit treated with Botryzen and copper hydroxide For Botryzen this may have been due to interaction with a surfactant

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Combining Biocontrol Agents to Reduce the Variability of Biological Control

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2001.91.7.621 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 91 (7) ◽

pp. 621-627 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

Ruth Guetsky ◽

D. Shtienberg ◽

Y. Elad ◽

A. Dinoor

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Biocontrol Agents ◽

Bacillus Mycoides ◽

Control Efficacy ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

Bacterium Bacillus ◽

Spray Timing ◽

Control Application

Two biocontrol agents, a yeast (Pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (Bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves. The aims of the research were to determine whether the use of their combination would broaden the environmental conditions under which biological control is effective, and to test the hypothesis that it would reduce the variability of control efficacy under diverse conditions. Applied separately, the biocontrol agents significantly inhibited spore germination, lesion formation, and lesion development at most temperatures, relative humidities, and spray-timing combinations (temperatures: 10, 15, 20, 23, 25, and 30°C; relative humidities: 78, 85, 96, and 100%; and spray-timings: 0, 4, and 7 days before inoculation). However, control efficacy was highly variable, and under certain combinations it was not adequate. Control efficacy achieved by the biocontrol agents applied separately ranged between 38 and 98% (mean 74%) and the coefficient of variation ranged from 9.7 to 75%. The mixture of Bacillus mycoides and Pichia guilermondii suppressed Botrytis cinerea effectively (80 to 99.8% control) under all conditions, and the coefficients of variation were as low as 0.4 to 9% in all cases. Thus, application of both biocontrol agents resulted in better suppression of Botrytis cinerea, and also reduced the variability of disease control. Application of more than one biocontrol agent is suggested as a reliable means of reducing the variability and increasing the reliability of biological control.

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Release factor-dependent ribosome rescue by BrfA in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-019-13408-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Naomi Shimokawa-Chiba ◽

Claudia Müller ◽

Keigo Fujiwara ◽

Bertrand Beckert ◽

Koreaki Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Stop Codon ◽

Release Factor ◽

Positive Bacterium ◽

Gram Positive ◽

E Coli ◽

Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽

Dead End ◽

Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterium Bacillus

AbstractRescue of the ribosomes from dead-end translation complexes, such as those on truncated (non-stop) mRNA, is essential for the cell. Whereas bacteria use trans-translation for ribosome rescue, some Gram-negative species possess alternative and release factor (RF)-dependent rescue factors, which enable an RF to catalyze stop-codon-independent polypeptide release. We now discover that the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis has an evolutionarily distinct ribosome rescue factor named BrfA. Genetic analysis shows that B. subtilis requires the function of either trans-translation or BrfA for growth, even in the absence of proteotoxic stresses. Biochemical and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) characterization demonstrates that BrfA binds to non-stop stalled ribosomes, recruits homologous RF2, but not RF1, and induces its transition into an open active conformation. Although BrfA is distinct from E. coli ArfA, they use convergent strategies in terms of mode of action and expression regulation, indicating that many bacteria may have evolved as yet unidentified ribosome rescue systems.

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Inducible Transport of Citrate in a Gram-positive Bacterium, Bacillus subtilis

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62427-5 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 246 (4) ◽

pp. 1032-1040

Author(s):

Klaus Willecke ◽

Arthur B. Pardee

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Positive Bacterium ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterium Bacillus

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Biochemical characteristics of a fibrinolytic enzyme purified from a marine bacterium, Bacillus subtilis HQS-3

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules ◽

10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.048 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Shihai Huang ◽

Shihan Pan ◽

Guiguang Chen ◽

Shan Huang ◽

Zhaofeng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Marine Bacterium ◽

Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽

Biochemical Characteristics ◽

Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Bacterium Bacillus

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Biocontrol of seed-borne Alternaria raphani and A. brassicicola

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m87-149 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (10) ◽

pp. 850-856 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

G. Vannacci ◽

G. E. Harman

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Host Range ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Pythium Species ◽

Biological Control Agents ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

Chamber Studies ◽

Growth Chamber Studies ◽

Radish Seedlings

Forty-two microorganisms were tested as biological control agents against Alternaria raphani and A. brassicicola. Tests were conducted for in vitro antagonistic ability, for ability to control the pathogens on naturally infected seeds germinated on moistened blotters, and in planting mix in growth chamber studies, and for their ability to reduce pod infection. The organisms tested were obtained from cruciferous seeds or were strains already identified as being effective against soil-borne Pythium species. The blotter test indicated that six organisms increased both the number of healthy seedlings and the number of seedlings produced from A. raphani infected radish seeds. An additional seven strains improved either germination or increased the number of healthy seedlings. Twenty-nine organisms increased the number of healthy cabbage seedlings from A. brassicicola infected seeds, but total germination was not modified by any treatment. Experiments in planting mix showed that five antagonists (Chaetomium globosum, two strains of Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii, and Fusarium sp.) increased the number of healthy plants in both radish samples tested, while four additional antagonists provided a significant increase in only one of the samples tested. The five antagonists that consistently increased numbers of healthy radish seedlings also decreased pod infection by A. raphani. None were as effective as iprodrone, however. Several effective antagonists were found to be mycoparasitic against Alternaria spp. Some strains of Trichoderma previously found to be effective against Pythium spp. were also effective against Alternaria spp., indicating that these strains have a wide host range.

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