scholarly journals Review of Acknowledgment Based Techniques for Detection of Black Hole/Gray Hole Attacks in MANETs

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-219
Author(s):  
Rajveer Kaur ◽  
Dr. Shaveta Rani ◽  
Dr. Paramjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Commercial Applications

In Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) nodes communicate via wireless links, without any fixed infrastructure like base stations, central servers or mobile switching. Each node in MANET can act as a host or as a router. Due inherent characteristics like decentralization, self configuring, self -organizing networks, they can be deployed easily without need of expensive infrastructure and  have wide range of military to civilian and commercial applications. But wireless medium, dynamically changing topology, limited battery and lack of centralized control in MANETs, make them vulnerable to various types of attacks. This paper focus on network layer packet dropping attacks – Black Hole & Gray Hole attacks in Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) based MANETs and discuss various pros and cons of acknowledgement based techniques for detection of above said attacks.

Secure Route Discovery in DSR against Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 125-143
Author(s):  
P. Subathra ◽  
S. Sivagurunathan
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes communicating over multi-hop paths without any infrastructure. Nodes must cooperate to provide necessary network functionalities. The security in routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) can be compromised by a “Black Hole” attack. Here, a malicious node claims to have the shortest path to the destination and attracts all traffic and drops them, leading to performance degradation. The situation becomes worse when two or more nodes cooperate and perform the “Cooperative black hole” attack. This chapter proposes a solution based on probing to identify and prevent such attacks. The proposed solution discovers a secure route between the source and destination by identifying and isolating the attacking nodes. Simulation results show that the protocol provides better security and performance in terms of detection time, packet delivery ratio, and false negative probability in comparison with trust and probe based schemes.

Analyzing Performance of Ad hoc Routing Protocols under Various Constraints

2012 ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
Lalitsen Sharma ◽  
Supriya Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Ad Hoc Routing ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

The mobility of nodes in mobile ad hoc networks and absence of any centralized control cause unpredictable changes in the network topologies. This makes routing a challenging task. Several routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks have come into existence. The protocols are classified in mainly in three categories: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. In this chapter, a study of one of each of the proactive and reactive protocols (respectively, Destination Sequence Distance Vector routing [DSDV], and Dynamic Source Routing [DSR]) is presented. The performance of above said protocols has been measured under varying mobility environment using NS-2 simulator based upon three quality metrics: average end-to-end delay, throughput, and jitter.

scholarly journals Cloud-Enabled High-Altitude Platform Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaleel Mershad ◽  
Hayssam Dahrouj ◽  
Hadi Sarieddeen ◽  
Basem Shihada ◽  
Tareq Al-Naffouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
High Altitude Platform ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Hoc Networks

Augmenting ground-level communications with flying networks, such as the high-altitude platform system (HAPS), is among the major innovative initiatives of the next generation of wireless systems (6G). Given HAPS quasi-static positioning at the stratosphere, HAPS-to-ground and HAPS-to-air connectivity frameworks are expected to be prolific in terms of data acquisition and computing, especially given the mild weather and quasi-constant wind speed characteristics of the stratospheric layer. This paper explores the opportunities stemming from the realization of cloud-enabled HAPS in the context of telecommunications applications and services. The paper first advocates for the potential physical advantages of deploying HAPS as flying data-centers, also known as super-macro base stations. The paper then describes various cloud services that can be offered from the HAPS and the merits that can be achieved by this integration, such as enhancing the quality, speed, and range of the offered services. The proposed services span a wide range of fields, including satellites, Internet of Things (IoT), ad hoc networks (such as sensor; vehicular; and aerial networks), gaming, and social networks. For each service, the paper illustrates the methods that would be used by cloud providers to offload the service data to the HAPS and enable the cloud customers to consume the service. The paper further sheds light on the challenges that need to be addressed for realizing practical cloud-enabled HAPS, mainly, those related to high energy, processing power, quality of service (QoS), and security considerations. Finally, the paper discusses some open issues on the topic, namely, HAPS mobility and message routing, HAPS security via blockchain and machine learning, artificial intelligence-based resource allocation in cloud-enabled HAPS, and integration with vertical heterogeneous networks.

Detection and Prevention of Single and Cooperative Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Subathra ◽  
S. Sivagurunathan ◽  
N. Ramaraj
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless computers (nodes) communicating over multi-hop paths, without infrastructures such as base stations and access points. Nodes must cooperate to provide necessary network functionalities. The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is a principal routing protocol in MANET, where security can be compromised by a “Black Hole” attack. In this attack, a malicious node claims to have the shortest path to the destination and attracts all traffic and drops all packets sent for forwarding, leading to performance degradation in the network. The situation becomes even more severe when two or more nodes cooperate and perform an attack called the “Cooperative Black Hole” attack. This article proposes a solution based on probing to identify and prevent such attacks. The proposed solution discovers a secure route between the source and destination by identifying and isolating both single and cooperative black holes, making the MANET resistant against such attacks. Simulation results show that the protocol provides better security and performance in terms of detection time, packet delivery ratio and false negative probability in comparison with trust and probe based schemes.

Secure Route Discovery in DSR against Black Hole Attacks in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2013 ◽  
pp. 1127-1144
Author(s):  
P. Subathra ◽  
S. Sivagurunathan
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes communicating over multi-hop paths without any infrastructure. Nodes must cooperate to provide necessary network functionalities. The security in routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) can be compromised by a “Black Hole” attack. Here, a malicious node claims to have the shortest path to the destination and attracts all traffic and drops them, leading to performance degradation. The situation becomes worse when two or more nodes cooperate and perform the “Cooperative black hole” attack. This chapter proposes a solution based on probing to identify and prevent such attacks. The proposed solution discovers a secure route between the source and destination by identifying and isolating the attacking nodes. Simulation results show that the protocol provides better security and performance in terms of detection time, packet delivery ratio, and false negative probability in comparison with trust and probe based schemes.

Identifying Intruders in MANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar Verma ◽  
Ashwani Kush ◽  
Renu Jain
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks are characterized by wireless medium used for communication, frequent change of topology, and non-availability of centralized control for authentication. Out of all the attributes, communication through open air poses the biggest threat to security. Absence of security implementations by the routing protocols gives opening for intrusion to malicious nodes which then operate various attacks to hinder the normal communication. Solution suggested modifies vastly used AODV protocol to exploit the unused reserved bits of RREP message for identifying the malicious nodes in the MANET. Proposed algorithm finds the neighbors of the destination through RREQ messages, identifies vindictive neighbors providing contrived DSNs of the destination.

scholarly journals Secure dynamic source routing protocol for defending black hole attacks in mobile Ad hoc networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
M. Mohanapriya ◽  
Nitish Joshi ◽  
Mohit Soni
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

<p><span>Wireless Ad Hoc Network is a dynamically organized network on emergency situations, in which a group of wireless devices send data among themselves without requiring any base stations for forwarding data. Here the nodes itself perform the functions of routing. This important characteristic of mobile ad hoc networks allows the hassle free set up of the network for communications in different crisis such as battlefield and natural disaster zones. Multi hop communication in MANET is achieved by the cooperation of nodes in forwarding data packets. This feature of MANET is largely exploited to launch a security attack called black hole attack. A light weight solution called SEC-DSR is proposed to defend the network from black hole attack and enables communication among nodes even in the presence of attackers. In this scheme, by analyzing only the control packets used for routing in the network, the compromised nodes launching the attack are identified. From the collective judgment by the participating nodes in the routing path, a secure route free of black hole nodes is selected for communication by the host. Simulation results validate and ensure the effectiveness of the proposed solution tested on an ad hoc network with compromised black hole nodes.</span></p>

Variable control chart for detecting black hole attack in vehicular ad-hoc networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5129-5138
Author(s):  
Badreddine Cherkaoui ◽  
Abderrahim Beni-hssane ◽  
Mohammed Erritali
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Control Chart ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Variable Control ◽  
Hoc Networks
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