scholarly journals Anatomical features of the canine C2-C3 spinal cord vascular environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mathieu Taroni ◽  
Charles Saban ◽  
Arnaud Baldinger ◽  
Margaux Blondel ◽  
Thierry Marchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Ligamentum Flavum ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
Venous Plexus ◽  
Intervertebral Space ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vertebral Canal

Abstract OBJECTIVE Interarcuate branch (IAB) is a vascular structure, particularly developed in C2-3 intervertebral space, forming a dorsal bridge that connects ventral venous plexi in the vertebral canal. While precisely described in the human, the precise anatomical features of IABs have not been reported in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this study is to describe the features and relations of IABs in the C2-3 vertebral canal. ANIMALS 10 dogs were enrolled; 5 dogs for necropsy and 5 dogs for histology. PROCEDURES The ventral venous plexi in the cervical spine of 5 dogs were injected with latex and underwent vertebral canal dissection for visual assessment of the IAB. Two out of 5 dogs were injected with the addition of barium sulfate and underwent a CT scan. The C2-3 regions of 5 small-breed dogs were harvested for histological examinations. RESULTS IABs arose from the ventral venous plexus at the level of the intervertebral vein; they originated from 2 separate branches located caudally and cranially to the intervertebral foramen, forming a ventrodorsal triangle surrounding the spinal nerve root. No dorsal anastomosis was observed on the CT scan nor at dissection but were observed histologically. A cervical fibrous sheath was observed all around the vertebral canal. CLINICAL RELEVANCE IABs are voluminous venous structures at the C2-3 intervertebral space in dogs and found within a split of the cervical fibrous sheath, which is adherent to the interarcuate ligament and the ligamentum flavum. This anatomical description is paramount when planning an approach to the C2-3 intervertebral space.

scholarly journals Morphometrical Study of the Lumbar Segment of the Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus in Dogs: A Contrast CT-Based Study

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1502
Author(s):  
Valeria Ariete ◽  
Natalia Barnert ◽  
Marcelo Gómez ◽  
Marcelo Mieres ◽  
Bárbara Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidural Space ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Venous Plexus ◽  
Morphological Pattern ◽  
Vertebral Canal ◽  
Dural Sac ◽  
Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Contrast Ct ◽  
Enhanced Computed Tomography

The internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP) is a thin-walled, valveless venous network that is located inside the vertebral canal, communicating with the cerebral venous sinuses. The objective of this study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the IVVP, dural sac, epidural space and vertebral canal between the L1 and L7 vertebrae with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Six clinically healthy adult dogs weighing between 12 kg to 28 kg were used in the study. The CT venographic protocol consisted of a manual injection of 880 mgI/kg of contrast agent (587 mgI/kg in a bolus and 293 mgI/mL by continuous infusion). In all CT images, the dimensions of the IVVP, dural sac, and vertebral canal were collected. Dorsal reconstruction CT images showed a continuous rhomboidal morphological pattern for the IVVP. The dural sac was observed as a rounded isodense structure throughout the vertebral canal. The average area of the IVVP ranged from 0.61 to 0.74 mm2 between L1 and L7 vertebrae (6.3–8.9% of the vertebral canal), and the area of the dural sac was between 1.22 and 7.42 mm2 (13.8–72.2% of the vertebral canal). The area of the epidural space between L1 and L7 ranged from 2.85 to 7.78 mm2 (27.8–86.2% of the vertebral canal). This CT venography protocol is a safe method that allows adequate visualization and morphometric evaluation of the IVVP and adjacent structures.

Ligamentum flavum hematoma in the rigid thoracic spinal segments

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohisa Miyakoshi ◽  
Yoichi Shimada ◽  
Kyoji Okada ◽  
Michio Hongo ◽  
Yuji Kasukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Ligamentum Flavum ◽  
Facet Joint ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Case ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Thoracolumbar Region ◽  
Spinal Segments

✓ Ligamentum flavum hematoma, a rare cause of spinal nerve root and canal compression, typically occurs in the mobile lumbar spine segments. A thoracic ligamentum flavum hematoma is extremely rare—only one such case of a thoracolumbar (T11–12) lesion has been reported. The thoracolumbar region with its floating ribs, however, is structurally and biomechanically similar to the lumbar spine and its mobility is greater than the higher thoracic levels. To the best of their knowledge, the authors report the first case of a ligamentum flavum hematoma in the region of the rigid thoracic spinal segments with the contiguous rib cage. A symptomatic T9–10 ligamentum flavum hematoma is described in the case of a 66-year-old woman with compensatory thoracic lordosis secondary to the lumbar degenerative kyphosis. The hematoma was removed and the diagnosis was histologically confirmed. The authors speculate that thoracic lordosis might have contributed to the development of the hematoma because the ligamentum flavum and the facet joint were subjected to greater axial stress than in individuals with normal spinal alignment.

scholarly journals Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel 3D-Printed Movable Lumbar Vertebral Complex for Replacement: In Vivo and Biomechanical Evaluation of Goat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Jiantao Liu ◽  
Xijing He ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Teng Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Lateral Bending ◽  
Intervertebral Space ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Lumbar Vertebral Body ◽  
Imaging Results ◽  
Flexion Extension

Purpose. This was an in vivo study to develop a novel movable lumbar artificial vertebral complex (MLVC) in a goat model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and biomechanical characteristics of MLVC and to provide preclinical data for a clinical trial in the future. Methods. According to the preoperative X-ray and CT scan data of the lumbar vertebrae, 3D printing of a MLVC was designed and implanted in goats. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: intact, fusion, and nonfusion. In the intact group, only the lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs were exposed during surgery. Both the fusion and nonfusion groups underwent resection of the lumbar vertebral body and the adjacent intervertebral disc. Titanium cages and lateral plates were implanted in the fusion group. MLVC was implanted in the nonfusion group. All groups were evaluated by CT scan and micro-CT to observe the spinal fusion and tested using the mechanical tester at 6 months after operation. Results. The imaging results showed that with the centrum, the artificial endplates of the titanium cage and MLVC formed compact bone trabeculae. In the in vitro biomechanical test, the average ROM of L3-4 and L4-5 for the nonfusion group was found to be similar to that of the intact group and significantly higher in comparison to that of the fusion group ( P < 0.05 ). The average ROM of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation in the L2-3 intervertebral space significantly increased in the fusion group compared with the intact group and the nonfusion group ( P < 0.001 ). There were no significant differences in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation between the nonfusion and intact groups ( P > 0.05 ). The average ROM of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation in the L2-5 intervertebral space was not significantly different between the intact group, the fusion group, and the nonfusion group, and there was no statistical significance ( P > 0.05 ). HE staining results did not find any metal and polyethylene debris caused by abrasion. Conclusion. In vivo MLVC can not only reconstruct the height and stability of the centrum of the operative segment but also retain the movement of the corresponding segment.

Anatomy of the lumbar interspinous ligament: findings relevant to epidural insertion using loss of resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. rapm-2021-103014
Author(s):  
Sue Lawrence ◽  
Stacey Llewellyn ◽  
Helen Hunt ◽  
Gary Cowin ◽  
David J Sturgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidural Space ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Ligamentum Flavum ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Interspinous Ligament ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Loss Of Resistance ◽  
Ligamenta Flava ◽  
Morphometric Characterization

Background and objectivesThe ‘loss of resistance’ technique is used to determine entry into the epidural space, often by a midline needle in the interspinous ligament before the ligamentum flavum. Anatomical explanations for loss of resistance without entry into the epidural space are lacking. This investigation aimed to improve morphometric characterization of the lumbar interspinous ligament by observation and measurement at dissection and from MRI.MethodsMeasurements were made on 14 embalmed donor lumbar spines (T12 to S1) imaged with MRI and then dissected along a tilted axial plane aligned with the lumbar interspace.ResultsIn 73 interspaces, median (IQR) lumbar interspinous plus supraspinous ligament length was 29.7 mm (25.5–33.4). Posterior width was 9.2 mm (7.7, 11.9), with narrowing in the middle (4.5 mm (3.0, 6.8)) and an anterior width of 7.3 mm (5.7, 9.8).Fat-filled gaps were present within 55 (75%). Of 51 anterior gaps, 49 (67%) were related to the ligamenta flava junction. Median (IQR) gap length and width were 3.5 mm (2.5, 5.1) and 1.1 mm (0.9, 1.7).Detection of gaps with MRI had 100% sensitivity (95% CI 93.5 to 100), 94.4% specificity (72.7, 99.9), 98.2% (90.4, 100) positive predictive value and 100% (80.5, 100) negative predictive value against dissection as the gold standard.ConclusionsThe lumbar interspinous ligament plus supraspinous ligament are biconcave axially. It commonly has fat-filled gaps, particularly anteriorly. These anatomical features may form the anatomical basis for false or equivocal loss of resistance.

scholarly journals Anatomical features of the blood supply to the femoral neck (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Yamshchikov ◽  
S. A. Emelyanov ◽  
S. A. Mordovin ◽  
A. N. Petrukhin ◽  
E. A. Kolobova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Femoral Neck Fractures ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Preservation And Restoration

This article is devoted to a review and study of literary sources concerning information about anatomical surgery and the peculiarities of the blood supply to the femoral neck. The prevalence of hip fractures in the structure of injuries, the lack of a unified treatment strategy and a high percentage of complications of this injury requires the traumatologist to have accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the vascular structure of the proximal femur and its features, which helps to avoid the occurrence of iatrogenic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in the event of an injury and subsequent fixation of femoral neck fractures, since the subsequent consolidation in the damaged area and nutrition of the femoral head depend on the degree of preservation and restoration of blood flow.

scholarly journals A Succession of MRI Scans Supports the Diagnosis of Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum Hematoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyu Ishimoto ◽  
Mamoru Kawakami ◽  
Elizabeth Curtis ◽  
Cyrus Cooper ◽  
Nami Moriguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Ligamentum Flavum ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Decompression Surgery ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Hyperintense Area

Ligamentum flavum hematoma (LFH) is a rare cause of spinal nerve compression. This condition remains challenging to diagnose using MRI due to the changing intensity of the hematoma on imaging. The aim of this study was to describe the patient with LFH who had a succession of MRI scans carried out. We report on a 71-year-old woman with a mass at L4/5 and decompression surgery was performed for her left leg symptom. She had MRI carried out in a previous hospital and also had MRI again in our hospital. In a 2nd MRI of the same area, after a 2-week interval, a newly isointense mass was present within the anterior part of the previously identified lesion on T1-weighted image and the hyperintense area in the lesion was a little extended on T2-weighted imaging. Her symptoms were resolved immediately after decompression surgery. Following a review of previous cases, we suggest that consecutive MRI scanning may support the diagnostic process for LFH.

Effect of intraoperative positioning on the diameter of the vertebral canal in cats during perineal urethrostomy (cadaveric study)

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Slunsky ◽  
Mathias Brunnberg ◽  
Shenja Lodersted ◽  
Leo Brunnberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cadaveric Study ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Intervertebral Space ◽  
Vertebral Canal ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Body Positioning ◽  
Intraoperative Positioning

Objectives The objective of this study was to quantify the changes in the diameter of the vertebral canal in the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal column (L6–Co2) in cats in dorsal and ventral recumbency, simulating real body positioning during a perineal urethrostomy. Methods Twenty-one male feline cadavers were enrolled in the study. All feline cadavers were evaluated by CT. Examinations were performed with the cadaver in a neutral position and dorsal and ventral recumbency. Sagittal vertebral canal diameters (VCDs) were obtained by measuring the distance between the ventral and dorsal aspects of the vertebral canal in the middle of the intervertebral space. Results A comparison of the VCDs between L6 and L7, L7 and S1, S3 and Co1 and Co1 and Co2 in neutral position vs dorsal recumbency revealed a reduction of 0.27 mm (14.6%; P <0.001) between S3 and Co1 and 0.26 mm (18.1%; P <0.001) between Co1 and Co2. No differences were seen when comparing L6–L7 and L7–S1. The VCDs were decreased in all segments when comparing neutral with ventral recumbency. This study revealed a reduction of 0.13 mm between L6 and L7 (3.3%; P = 0.003), 0.14 mm between L7 and S1 (4.1%; P = 0.003), 0.61 mm between S3 and Co1 (32.5%; P <0.001) and 0.63 mm between Co1 and Co2 (44.1%; P <0.001). Comparison of the VCD between dorsal and ventral recumbency in L6–L7, L7–S1, S3–Co1 and Co1–Co2 revealed a decrease in the VCDs in ventral recumbency of 0.13 mm (3.3%; P <0.001), 0.12 mm (3.6%; P <0.001), 0.34 mm (21.0%; P <0.001) and 0.37 mm (31.7%; P <0.001), respectively. Conclusions and relevance The results provide evidence that, from an anatomical point of view, perineal urethrostomy performed in dorsal recumbency is superior to ventral recumbency, but further clinical studies to verify these findings are necessary.

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