Effect of intraoperative positioning on the diameter of the vertebral canal in cats during perineal urethrostomy (cadaveric study)

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Slunsky ◽  
Mathias Brunnberg ◽  
Shenja Lodersted ◽  
Leo Brunnberg
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cadaveric Study ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Intervertebral Space ◽  
Vertebral Canal ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Body Positioning ◽  
Intraoperative Positioning

Objectives The objective of this study was to quantify the changes in the diameter of the vertebral canal in the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal column (L6–Co2) in cats in dorsal and ventral recumbency, simulating real body positioning during a perineal urethrostomy. Methods Twenty-one male feline cadavers were enrolled in the study. All feline cadavers were evaluated by CT. Examinations were performed with the cadaver in a neutral position and dorsal and ventral recumbency. Sagittal vertebral canal diameters (VCDs) were obtained by measuring the distance between the ventral and dorsal aspects of the vertebral canal in the middle of the intervertebral space. Results A comparison of the VCDs between L6 and L7, L7 and S1, S3 and Co1 and Co1 and Co2 in neutral position vs dorsal recumbency revealed a reduction of 0.27 mm (14.6%; P <0.001) between S3 and Co1 and 0.26 mm (18.1%; P <0.001) between Co1 and Co2. No differences were seen when comparing L6–L7 and L7–S1. The VCDs were decreased in all segments when comparing neutral with ventral recumbency. This study revealed a reduction of 0.13 mm between L6 and L7 (3.3%; P = 0.003), 0.14 mm between L7 and S1 (4.1%; P = 0.003), 0.61 mm between S3 and Co1 (32.5%; P <0.001) and 0.63 mm between Co1 and Co2 (44.1%; P <0.001). Comparison of the VCD between dorsal and ventral recumbency in L6–L7, L7–S1, S3–Co1 and Co1–Co2 revealed a decrease in the VCDs in ventral recumbency of 0.13 mm (3.3%; P <0.001), 0.12 mm (3.6%; P <0.001), 0.34 mm (21.0%; P <0.001) and 0.37 mm (31.7%; P <0.001), respectively. Conclusions and relevance The results provide evidence that, from an anatomical point of view, perineal urethrostomy performed in dorsal recumbency is superior to ventral recumbency, but further clinical studies to verify these findings are necessary.

Lactulose in the Management of Constipation: A Current Review

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa V. Kot ◽  
Ngaire A. Pettit-Young
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
A Current

OBJECTIVE: To review the current published clinical studies evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of lactulose compared with other laxatives or placebo. Adverse effects associated with lactulose are also reported. DATA SOURCES: Information was retrieved by searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for clinical trials, abstracts, conference proceedings, and review articles dealing with lactulose. STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on clinical trials where lactulose was compared with other laxatives or placebo in patient populations where the diagnosis of constipation was reasonably established. DATA EXTRACTION: The methodology and results from clinical studies were evaluated. Assessment of the studies was made based on diagnosis of constipation, prior management of patients, follow-up of patients, dosage, and adverse effects. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinical trials in geriatric patients, terminally ill patients, children, and normal and constipated subjects were reviewed. In most instances, lactulose was compared with a placebo, without incorporating the current education on dietary techniques for improving defecation. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, clinical trials have demonstrated a beneficial response compared with placebo, although sometimes that response has been only marginally better, from a clinical point of view.

scholarly journals Saphenofemoral recurrence from an an anatomist’s point of view

Phlebologie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (03) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Erich Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Junction Region ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Saphenofemoral Junction

AbstractFrom an anatomical point of view, recurrences at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) could result from various sources. For one, it could be caused by a recanalisation of an originally occluded great saphenous vein (GSV). Secondly, another vein in the junction region could take over the function of the GSV and dilate. A third variation is a – more or less successful – generation of a new vein. In the last case, a sufficient vein could be generated, an insufficient vein could arise, or an inadequate venous regeneration, so that a cluster of frail but incomplete vasculature remains (neovasculature).

Tracheostomy in ancient Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (8) ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patric Blomstedt
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Anatomical Point

AbstractIt has often been reported that the ancient Egyptians performed tracheostomies. An analysis of this claim demonstrates it to be founded on only two depictions from the Protodynastic period (thirty-first centurybc). These depictions are difficult to reconcile with tracheostomy from an anatomical point of view and can more easily be explained as human sacrifices. Considering that Egyptian surgery included only minor procedures even at its zenith during later dynastic periods, it is difficult to imagine that they would have developed such an advanced procedure at such an early date.

Wood Anatomy of Caesalpinia S.S., Coulteria, Erythrostemon, Guilandina, Libidibia, Mezoneuron, Poincianella, Pomaria and Tara (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Caesalpinieae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gasson ◽  
Kate Warner ◽  
Gwilym Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Caesalpinia Sappan ◽  
Old World ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Old World Tropics

Caesalpinia s.l. traditionally comprised c. 140 species in the New and Old World tropics, and contained a maximum of 25 generic synonyms. The genus in its broadest sense has been shown to be polyphyletic in molecular studies, and most species have now been assigned to reinstated segregate genera: Caesalpinia s.s. (c. 25 spp.), Coulteria (10 spp.), Erythrostemon (13 spp.), Guilandina (c. 7 spp.), Libidibia (8 spp.), Mezoneuron (c. 26 spp.), Poincianella (c. 35 spp.), Pomaria (16 spp.) and Tara (3 spp.). About 15 Asian taxa remain unassigned pending more data, especially DNA sequences. In this paper we describe the wood anatomy of these nine segregate genera, outlining the features that consistently help define some of them. We have examined the wood of 27 species representing all the woody segregate genera and found wood descriptions of three more species in the literature. Most species lack well defined growth rings, vessels are solitary and in radial multiples, intervessel pitting is alternate and vestured, fibres are mainly non-septate, axial parenchyma is aliform to confluent and irregularly storied, and the rays are mainly 1–2-seriate, mostly non-storied, and of varying height. Prismatic crystals are in chambered axial parenchyma cells in all except Erythrostemon gilliesii (Hook.) Link, and in ray cells in many species. Libidibia is well defined, with storied axial parenchyma, narrow short storied homocellular rays and lacking crystals in ray cells. Tara is also well defined with non-storied heterocellular rays and some ray cells containing crystals. The other genera are less consistent in wood characters. In Caesalpinia s.s. the rays are not storied, and most species lack crystals in ray cells. Coulteria has some species with storied rays and all have homocellular rays and crystals in ray cells. Poincianella is particularly poorly defined from a wood anatomical point of view, perhaps indicating that it can be further segregated. A few Poincianella species have septate fibres, which are otherwise seen only in Libidibia corymbosa. Mezoneuron has non-storied, heterocellular rays. The two species of Guilandina we examined have wide vessels and heterocellular rays containing crystals. Only two species of Erythrostemon were examined and E. gilliesii was unusual in having ring porous wood and very wide rays (but the sample was cultivated at Kew, and we do not know its porosity in its native range). Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (originally described as Reichardia decapetala Roth) and Caesalpinia sappan L. from the Old World have not been reassigned to a segregate genus. Pomaria is mainly herbaceous and we have included some information on it.

scholarly journals ANATOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE STEM AND LEAF OF MENTHA x PIPERITA L. (LAMIACEAE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 447-452
Author(s):  
Elena Cristina Ciobanu (Țurlea) ◽  
Elena Săvulescu ◽  
Monica Luminița Badea
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Essential Oil Composition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Mentha X Piperita ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Acid Pathway

Mentha x piperita (Lamiaceae) has been known since ancient times due to its aromatic and therapeutic properties. The differences in essential oil composition among the members of the genus Mentha offer a diversity of strains with high contents of menthone, menthol, carvone, linalool, or other valued terpenoid components synthesized by the mevalonic acid pathway. The species was analyzed anatomically. As biologic material, stems and leaves have been sampled from crops, during the vegetation period, before blooming. From an anatomical point of view, transverse sections were made through stems and leaves. At the level of the epidermis, both in the stem and in the leaf, the secretory and the tector trichomes were highlighted. The foliar limb is hypostomatic, with stomata in the inferior epidermis, the stomata being of the diacitic type. The mesophilus of the foliar is bifacial, having palisadic tissue with a single layer of cells, located under the superior epidermis and lacunar tissue, located under the inferior epidermis.

scholarly journals The Forward Model: A Unifying Theory for the Role of the Cerebellum in Motor Control and Sense of Agency

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Welniarz ◽  
Yulia Worbe ◽  
Cecile Gallea
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Forward Model ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Parallel Loops

For more than two decades, there has been converging evidence for an essential role of the cerebellum in non-motor functions. The cerebellum is not only important in learning and sensorimotor processes, some growing evidences show its implication in conditional learning and reward, which allows building our expectations about behavioral outcomes. More recent work has demonstrated that the cerebellum is also required for the sense of agency, a cognitive process that allows recognizing an action as our own, suggesting that the cerebellum might serve as an interface between sensorimotor function and cognition. A unifying model that would explain the role of the cerebellum across these processes has not been fully established. Nonetheless, an important heritage was given by the field of motor control: the forward model theory. This theory stipulates that movements are controlled based on the constant interactions between our organism and its environment through feedforward and feedback loops. Feedforward loops predict what is going to happen, while feedback loops confront the prediction with what happened so that we can react accordingly. From an anatomical point of view, the cerebellum is at an ideal location at the interface between the motor and sensory systems, as it is connected to cerebral, striatal, and spinal entities via parallel loops, so that it can link sensory and motor systems with cognitive processes. Recent findings showing that the cerebellum participates in building the sense of agency as a predictive and comparator system will be reviewed together with past work on motor control within the context of the forward model theory.

scholarly journals Trial on the efficiency of the recovery treatment for patients with distal radius fractures

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (Vol 10 No. 4) ◽  
pp. 502-508
Author(s):  
Sinziana Calina SILIȘTEANU ◽  
Andrei Emanuel SILIȘTEANU
Keyword(s):  
Distal Radius ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distal Radius Fractures ◽  
Radius Fractures ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Functional Coefficient

The hand is considered to be one of the most important structures of the human body, with the help of which we can do different kinds of activities. A lesion of the hand can destabilise the patient from a physical point of view but also from a psycho-social one. The distal radius fractures are the cause of morbidity for patients and determine the decrease of the workforce, despite the restoration of the bone alignment and even if the fracture is cured from an anatomical point of view. The hand traumatisms, especially the fractures, may have as causes osteoporosis, age, medication by corticoids, repeated traumatisms and physical deficiences. The objective of this trial is the evaluation of parameters (the movement amplitude, the muscular force, the prehension, the functional coefficient, the quality of life) which enable the clinical - functional recovery of patients who had hand traumatisms and their social- professional reinsertion. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months in the ambulatory and included 20 patients diagnosed with post-fracture sequelae at the distal radius level. The evaluation of the patients was made at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, as well as at the examination 6 weeks after the end of the treatment. For this purpose, electrotherapy, lymphatic drainage massage and the kinesiotherapy program were applied. After making the joint balance sheet, it is found the favorable evolution in the recovery on all the mobilisation directions, but also the functional coefficient, in all the evaluation moments: initial, final and control. By applying the evaluation methods and scales to the 3 moments of assessing the patients, the efficiency of the complex recovery program can be seen. Key words: clinical - functional recovery, hand traumatisms, the distal radius fractures,

scholarly journals Types of coeliac trunk branching including accessory hepatic arteries: a new point of view based on cadaveric study

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ł. Olewnik ◽  
G. Wysiadecki ◽  
M. Polguj ◽  
A. Waśniewska ◽  
M. Jankowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Cadaveric Study ◽  
Hepatic Arteries ◽  
Coeliac Trunk

scholarly journals Cognitive and affective Theory of Mind double dissociation after parietal and temporal lobe tumors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Campanella ◽  
Thomas West ◽  
Corrado Corradi-Dell'Acqua ◽  
Miran Skrap
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brain Surgery ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
Anatomical Point ◽  
Emotion Attribution ◽  
Temporal Lesion

Extensive neuroimaging literature suggests that understanding others' thoughts and emotions engages a wide network encompassing parietal, temporal and medial frontal brain areas. However, the causal role played by these regions in social inferential abilities is still unclear. Moreover very little is known about ToM deficits in brain tumours and whether potential anatomical substrates are comparable to those identified in fMRI literature. This study evaluated the performance of 105 tumour patients, before and immediately after brain surgery, on a cartoon-based non-verbal task evaluating Cognitive (Intention Attribution) and Affective (Emotion Attribution) ToM, as well as a non-social control condition (Causal Inference). Across multiple analyses, we found converging evidence of a double dissociation between patients with right superior parietal damage, selectively impaired in Intention Attribution, and those with right antero-medial temporal lesion, exhibiting deficits only in Emotion attribution. Instead, patients with damage to the frontal cortex were impaired in all kinds of inferential processes, including those from the non-social control conditions. Overall, our data provides novel reliable causal evidence of segregation between different aspects of the ToM network from both the cognitive and also the anatomical point of view.

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