Effects of Environmental Variation on Arousal during Vigilance Performance

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1251-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban L. Olmedo ◽  
Roger E. Kirk ◽  
E. Martin Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Arousal Theory ◽  
General Activation

The present experiment investigated the effects of environmental variation on the arousal level of Ss performing a simple visual vigilance task. Two independent variables, constant vs variable-intensity lighting and constant vs variable-intensity white noise, provided four experimental conditions. Forty Ss monitored a simulated CRT display during two 90-min. sessions. Arousal was measured at the beginning and at the end of each session by means of a self-report check list. The results indicated that: (1) with variable noise, there was a greater decrease in General Activation and a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable- than under constant-intensity lighting; (2) with variable lighting, there was a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable than under constant intensity of noise; and (3) correlations among arousal and probability of detection in the vigilance task were in general low and insignificant. No support was found for the prediction from arousal theory that environmental variation enhances vigilance performance by maintaining a general state of arousal.

Effects of Ambient Illumination over Days on Human Vigilance Performance

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Chavez ◽  
Eugene R. Delay
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Ambient Illumination ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Arousal Theory

Detection rates of 36 college students were measured for three days in an auditory vigilance task under one of three conditions of ambient illumination: dark (less than .33 lx), low (86 lx), and high (170 lx) intensity levels. Within-session performance decrements were seen in all conditions. Increasing the intensity of ambient illumination improved vigilance performance, an effect which became more potent over days. These results are discussed in terms of arousal theory and habituation.

Effects of Two Levels of Attention Demand on Vigilance Performance under Marihuana

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satanand Sharma ◽  
Herbert Moskowitz
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Attention Demand ◽  
Over Time

12 Ss under marihuana performed a modified version of the Mackworth clock-vigilance task with two levels of attention and response demands. Similar continuous declines in signal detections over time were found for both experimental conditions indicating that the vigilance decrements induced by marihuana (200 mcg./Kg. B.W.) are unrelated to arousal level.

Errors of Commission as a Function of Age and Temperament in a Type of Vigilance Task

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Tune
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Arousal Theory ◽  
Older Subjects

Forty subjects monitored a 40 min. series of 10-sec. intervals containing digits (spoken at the rate of 1 per sec.), each followed by 10-sec. silence. The task was to report whether or not three consecutive and different odd digits occurred. Responses were forced. The results showed that there was no correlation between either age or temperament and the number of correct detections made. Older subjects, however, made more errors of commission, and were less able to distinguish wanted from unwanted events. The younger and introverted subjects appeared to be more cautious. The data is discussed in terms of the arousal theory of vigilance performance.

Maintenance of Vigilance by Non-Task-Related Stimulation in the Monitoring Environment

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban L. Olmedo ◽  
Roger E. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Intensity Noise ◽  
Constant Intensity ◽  
Independent Variables

The effects of non-task-related stimulation on the performance of a simple visual vigilance task were investigated. 40 subjects monitored a simulated CRT display for two 90-min. sessions. The independent variables were variable vs constant intensity lighting and variable vs constant intensity noise. Probability of detection was not significantly different for the noise conditions; however, probability of detection was significantly higher under variable than under constant intensity lighting.

Effects of Visual and Auditory Knowledge of Results and Reward on Vigilance Performance

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-836
Author(s):  
Marvin E. Grunzke ◽  
Roger E. Kirk ◽  
Steven C. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Visual Knowledge ◽  
And Performance

The effects of several procedures for providing knowledge of results (KR) and monetary reward on performance of a visual vigilance task were investigated. 72 Ss monitored a simulated CRT for 3 hr. The independent variables were visual KR versus no visual KR, auditory KR versus no auditory KR, and performance-contingent monetary reward versus noncontingent monetary reward. Probability of detection was significantly higher for the knowledge of results conditions and for performance-contingent reward than for the respective control conditions. The most effective treatment combination was visual knowledge of results combined with performance-contingent reward.

Effects of Fear Induction on Heart Period Variability

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Stark ◽  
Alfons Hamm ◽  
Anne Schienle ◽  
Bertram Walter ◽  
Dieter Vaitl
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Heart Period ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Heart Period Variability ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Period Variability

Abstract The present study investigated the influence of contextual fear in comparison to relaxation on heart period variability (HPV), and analyzed differences in HPV between low and high anxious, nonclinical subjects. Fifty-three women participated in the study. Each subject underwent four experimental conditions (control, fear, relaxation, and a combined fear-relaxation condition), lasting 10 min each. Fear was provoked by an unpredictable aversive human scream. Relaxation should be induced with the aid of verbal instructions. To control for respiratory effects on HPV, breathing was paced at 0.2 Hz using an indirect light source. Besides physiological measures (HPV measures, ECG, respiration, forearm EMG, blood pressure), emotional states (pleasure, arousal, dominance, state anxiety) were assessed by subjects' self-reports. Since relaxation instructions did not have any effect neither on the subjective nor on the physiological variables, the present paper focuses on the comparison of the control and the fear condition. The scream reliably induced changes in both physiological and self-report measures. During the fear condition, subjects reported more arousal and state anxiety as well as less pleasure and dominance. Heart period decreased, while EMG and diastolic blood pressure showed a tendency to increase. HPV remained largely unaltered with the exception of the LF component, which slightly decreased under fear induction. Replicating previous findings, trait anxiety was negatively associated with HPV, but there were no treatment-specific differences between subjects with low and high trait anxiety.

Identifying Patterns in Complex Field Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. White ◽  
Dieter Kleinböhl ◽  
Thomas Lang ◽  
Alfons O. Hamm ◽  
Alexander L. Gerlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Cluster Assignment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Conventional Analysis

Abstract. Ambulatory assessment methods are well suited to examine how patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/A) undertake situational exposure. But under complex field conditions of a complex treatment protocol, the variability of data can be so high that conventional analytic approaches based on group averages inadequately describe individual variability. To understand how fear responses change throughout exposure, we aimed to demonstrate the incremental value of sorting HR responses (an index of fear) prior to applying averaging procedures. As part of their panic treatment, 85 patients with PD/A completed a total of 233 bus exposure exercises. Heart rate (HR), global positioning system (GPS) location, and self-report data were collected. Patients were randomized to one of two active treatment conditions (standard exposure or fear-augmented exposure) and completed multiple exposures in four consecutive exposure sessions. We used latent class cluster analysis (CA) to cluster heart rate (HR) responses collected at the start of bus exposure exercises (5 min long, centered on bus boarding). Intra-individual patterns of assignment across exposure repetitions were examined to explore the relative influence of individual and situational factors on HR responses. The association between response types and panic disorder symptoms was determined by examining how clusters were related to self-reported anxiety, concordance between HR and self-report measures, and bodily symptom tolerance. These analyses were contrasted with a conventional analysis based on averages across experimental conditions. HR responses were sorted according to form and level criteria and yielded nine clusters, seven of which were interpretable. Cluster assignment was not stable across sessions or treatment condition. Clusters characterized by a low absolute HR level that slowly decayed corresponded with low self-reported anxiety and greater self-rated tolerance of bodily symptoms. Inconsistent individual factors influenced HR responses less than situational factors. Applying clustering can help to extend the conventional analysis of highly variable data collected in the field. We discuss the merits of this approach and reasons for the non-stereotypical pattern of cluster assignment across exposures.

scholarly journals How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Phillip Ozimek ◽  
Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽  
Elke Rohmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
And Control

Past research showed that social networking sites represent perfect platforms to satisfy narcissistic needs. The present study aimed to investigate how grandiose (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN) as well as social comparisons are associated with Facebook activity, which was measured with a self-report on three activity dimensions: Acting, Impressing, and Watching. In addition, the state self-esteem (SSE) was measured with respect to performance, social behavior, and appearance. One hundred and ten participants completed an online survey containing measures of SSE and Facebook activity and a priming procedure with three experimental conditions embedded in a social media context (upward comparison, downward comparison, and control group). Results indicated, as expected, that high VN was negatively associated with SSE on each subscale and the overall score. In addition, it was found that VN, but not GN, displayed positive associations with frequency of Facebook activities. Finally, it was proposed and confirmed that VN in interaction with the priming of downward comparisons negatively affected SSE. The conclusion drawn is that VN represents a key variable for the prediction of self-esteem as well as for the frequency of Facebook activity.

Exploring the Effects of Extraversion on Social Facilitation and Vigilance Task Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1216-1220
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Claypoole ◽  
Grace E. Waldfogle ◽  
Alexis R. Neigel ◽  
James L. Szalma
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Design Factors ◽  
And Task

Vigilance, or sustained attention, is the ability to maintain attention for extended periods of time. Recently, research on vigilance has focused on identifying individual differences and task design factors that may improve cognitive-based vigilance performance. One such factor is social facilitation, which leads to improved task performance when at least one individual is present. But, relatively little is known about the personality factors, such as extraversion or introversion, which may influence the effects of social presence, and in turn affect vigilance performance. Given this gap in the literature, the present research seeks to determine how personality, specifically extraversion, is related to vigilance performance in the presence of another individual. A total of 39 observers completed a 24-minute vigilance task either alone, in the mere presence of another person, or in the evaluative presence of another person (i.e., an individual monitoring their performance). The results indicated that extraversion was negatively correlated to the proportion of correct detections and sensitivity ( A’).

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