Kinetic Depth Effect Examined under Conditions of Unimodal versus Bimodal Sensory Input

To perceive the three-dimensional rotation of a shadow figure, displacement and line length change are required. Without displacement, persons perceive a line lengthening and shortening on a two-dimensional plane. The present investigation attempted to create the kinetic depth effect without displacement by including auditory input. 48 persons were randomly assigned to two groups (line-length change with tone or line-length change without tone). The tone group received sound through headphones which oscillated in amplitude in synchrony with the shadow of a rotating “T” figure. The tone group perceived a three-dimensional figure in rotation significantly more often than did the non-tone group. These results suggest that the kinetic depth effect may be created by more than one combination of sensory input.

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Perceived Rigidity and Nonrigidity in the Kinetic Depth Effect

Perception ◽

10.1068/p220023 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giorgio Ganis ◽

Clara Casco ◽

Sergio Roncato

Keyword(s):

Angular Displacement ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Horizontal Axis ◽

Parallel Projection ◽

Depth Effect ◽

Shape Information ◽

Kinetic Depth Effect ◽

Motion Process ◽

Kinetic Depth ◽

Angle Of Rotation

Stroboscopic simulations of three-dimensional rotating rigid structures can be perceived as highly nonrigid. To investigate this nonrigidity effect a sequence of either three (experiment 2 and 3) or thirty six frames (experiment 4) was used, each consisting of a set of dots with location on the horizontal axis corresponding to the parallel projection of a nominally defined helix. Observers were asked to judge the angle of rotation of eighty helices defined by the factorial combination of eight phase (φ) values (ie difference between the sinusoidal path of one dot and its neighbours) and ten different angular displacement values (α). When in each static frame the dots can be organized into curved dotted line (small values of φ), the perceived 3-D helices are highly nonrigid. But when shape information is not available in each static frame (high values of φ), the helices are perceived as rigid and rotation judgement is possible providing that α < 15°. It appears that at small values of φ observers fail to recover the rigid structure of the helices since the input to the structure from the motion process may be distorted.

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On the kinetic depth effect

Biological Cybernetics ◽

10.1007/bf00204700 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. Aloimonos ◽

C.M. Brown

Keyword(s):

Depth Effect ◽

Kinetic Depth Effect ◽

Kinetic Depth

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Amplitude, frequency and phase determinants of perceived rotations and rigidity in the kinetic depth effect

Biological Cybernetics ◽

10.1007/bf00344253 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 213-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Terry M. Caelli

Keyword(s):

Depth Effect ◽

Kinetic Depth Effect ◽

Kinetic Depth

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Modeling of a Beam and a Rotor with an Edge Crack Using Dissimilar Elements

Journal of Vibration and Control ◽

10.1177/107754603030696 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1159-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Nandi ◽

S. Neogy

Keyword(s):

Finite Elements ◽

Stress Field ◽

Edge Crack ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Transition Element ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Cracked Beam ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Beam Elements ◽

Dimensional Plane

Vibration-based diagnostic methods are used for the detection of the presence of cracks in beams and other structures. To simulate such a beam with an edge crack, it is necessary to model the beam using finite elements. Cracked beam finite elements, being one-dimensional, cannot model the stress field near the crack tip, which is not one-dimensional. The change in neutral axis is also not modeled properly by cracked beam elements. Modeling of such beams using two-dimensional plane elements is a better approximation. The best alternative would be to use three-dimensional solid finite elements. At a sufficient distance away from the crack, the stress field again becomes more or less one-dimensional. Therefore, two-dimensional plane elements or three-dimensional solid elements can be used near the crack and one-dimensional beam elements can be used away from the crack. This considerably reduces the required computational effort. In the present work, such a coupling of dissimilar elements is proposed and the required transition element is formulated. A guideline is proposed for selecting the proper dimensions of the transition element so that accurate results are obtained. Elastic deformation, natural frequency and dynamic response of beams are computed using dissimilar elements. The finite element analysis of cracked rotating shafts is complicated because of the fact that elastic deformations are superposed on the rigid-body motion (rotation about an axis). A combination of three-dimensional solid elements and beam elements in a rotating reference is proposed here to model such rotors.

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On the limits of perceptual complementarity in the kinetic depth effect

Perception & Psychophysics ◽

10.3758/bf03204853 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 437-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Terry Caelli ◽

Patrick Flanagan ◽

Stephen Green

Keyword(s):

Depth Effect ◽

Kinetic Depth Effect ◽

Kinetic Depth

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Stereographic Visual Displays and the Three-Dimensional Communication of Findings in Marketing Research

Journal of Marketing Research ◽

10.1177/002224379703400409 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 526-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Morris B. Holbrook

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Marketing Research ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Visual Displays ◽

Structural Patterns ◽

Dimensional Plane ◽

Present Complex ◽

Key Concepts

In their attempts to communicate with managers and other interested readers, marketing researchers frequently present complex findings in various sorts of visual displays. These diagrams, charts, maps, pictures, and other figures help elucidate the nature of the relationships and structural patterns involved. However, their ability to communicate is partially limited by their typical restriction to the two-dimensional plane of the printed page. As an aid to overcoming such problems, stereographic techniques permit the construction of three-dimensional representations whose vividness and depth provide greater clarity and enhance interpretability to strengthen the reader's grasp of key concepts. The author illustrates the stereographic approach to three-dimensional communication using general examples closely analogous to relevant applications in marketing research.

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Numerical Simulation for Mechanical Behavior of Carbon Black Filler Particle Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.137.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 137 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Qing Li ◽

Xiao Xiang Yang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Mechanical Behavior ◽

Plane Stress ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Filler Particle ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Dimensional Plane

In this paper, the micromechanical finite element method based on Representative Volume Element has been applied to study and analyze the macro mechanical properties of the carbon black filled rubber composites by using two-dimensional plane stress simulations and three-dimensional axisymmetric simulations under uniaxial compression respectively. The dependence of the macroscopic stress-strain behavior and the effective elastic modulus of the composites, on particle shape, particle area/volume fraction and particle stiffness has been investigated and discussed. Additionally, the simulation results of the two-dimensional plane stress model and the three-dimensional axisymmetric model are evaluated and compared with the experimental data, which shows that the two-dimensional plane stress simulations generate poor predictions on the mechanical behavior of the carbon black particle reinforced rubber composites, while the three-dimensional axisymmetric simulations appear to give a better prediction.

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