Schedule-Induced Polydipsia in the Rhesus Monkey

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Schuster ◽  
James H. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Food Schedule ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Schedule Change

Four rhesus monkeys were allowed water, which was continuously available on a fixed-ratio 1 (FR-1) schedule of reinforcement, and food, which was available on differing reinforcement schedules. In Exp. 1, water intake greatly increased when the food schedule was changed from continuous reinforcement to a variable-interval schedule. In Exp. 2, when the same schedule change was employed but the number of food reinforcements was held constant, the water intake increased as in Exp. 1. In Exp. 3, a fixed-ratio 25 (FR-25) schedule of food reinforcement was employed in which a total of approximately 80 food pellets were divided among 4, 8, 16, or 24 periods per 24-hr. session. Water intake was related linearly to the increase in the number of food periods. Since water responding took place only after the FR-25 food periods, it was argued that the schedule-induced polydipsia observed was not due to accidental chaining.

Response Patterning under Fixed-Ratio Punishment

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Response Strength ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
First Response ◽  
Response Patterning

Punishment with various intensities of bar shock of every 2nd, 4th, or 8th response by rhesus monkeys was studied against a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Negatively accelerated response rates between punishments appeared as shock intensity increased. Increasing the intensity of punishment increased the latency of the first response after food reinforcement more than the latencies of other responses. The interaction of punishment with time since last reinforcement may indicate that response strength on unpunished variable-interval schedules increases between reinforcements.

Behavioral Effects of Microwave Reinforcement Schedules and Variations in Microwave Intensity on Albino Rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
J. Ken Lambert ◽  
Stella W. Brown ◽  
Joseph M. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Ratio Schedule ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Exploratory Investigation

The objective of this exploratory investigation was to determine the interactive effects of fixed-ratio scheduling of microwave reinforcement in tandem with changes in microwave intensity. Nine albino rats were conditioned to regulate their thermal environment with microwave radiation while living in a Skinner (operant conditioning) Box in which the ambient temperature was about 27.13°F at the beginning of the session. Each rat obtained a 6-sec. exposure of microwave radiation on a fixed-ratio schedule of MW reinforcement, the values of which varied from FR-1 to FR-30. Intensities of MW radiation were 62.5 W, 125 W, 250 W, and 437.5 W. Sessions lasted for 8 to 9 hr. over an approximate 13-mo. period. The effects of the intensity of microwave reinforcement varied as a function of the ratio value of the schedule used. Continuous reinforcement (FR-1) produced the lowest over-all rates, whereas FR-15, and FR-25 produced the highest over-all rates. Relatively higher thermal-behavior rates occurred under 62.5 W than under any of the other MW intensities for FR-1, FR-15, and FR-25, whereas FR-10 and FR-30 ratios produced intermediate rates of thermal responding which were constant for all values of MW intensity. These data are explained in terms of interactive effects between the “local” satiation or deprivation properties of the MW intensity and the ratio requirements of the schedule of MW reinforcement.

Sucrose Concentration as Reinforcement for Lever Pressing by Monkeys

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Conrad ◽  
Murray Sidman
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Satiation Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Lever Pressing

3 rhesus monkeys were given various concentrations of sucrose for lever pressing on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. 7 sucrose concentrations were studied at 2 levels of food deprivation. The response rates accelerated rapidly with increasing concentrations, and then declined after reaching a maximum, generally between 15 and 30% sucrose concentration. The decline was attributed to a satiation effect. The higher level of food deprivation tended to increase the response rate at all but the extreme high and low concentrations.

Effects of Diphenylhydantoin on Behavior Maintained by a Multiple Schedule of Food Reinforcement

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-783
Author(s):  
Gary F. Meunier ◽  
Robert B. Fischer ◽  
Dallas Mulvaney
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Schedule ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Schedule Of Reinforcement

Two white Carneaux pigeons were trained to peck for mixed grain according to a multiple fixed-ratio 50, variable-interval 30-sec schedule of reinforcement. After the rate of responding stabilized, the pigeons were given weekly doses of diphenylhydantoin or an equal volume vehicle Diphenylhydantoin produced a lengthening of the pre-ratio pause and general disintegration of responding during the FR component and a decreased rate of responding in the VI component.

Concurrent Food- and Water-Reinforced Responding under Food, Water, and Food-Plus-Water Deprivation

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1305-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fallon ◽  
Donald M. Thompson ◽  
Mary E. Schild
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Deprivation Condition ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Water Reinforcement ◽  
Interval Schedule

The effect of 22-hr. food, water, and food-plus-water deprivation cycles upon the bar-pressing performance of rats was assessed. In a two-bar experimental chamber, one bar produced intermittent food and another intermittent water reinforcement. Each food reinforcement was approximately equivalent by weight to each water reinforcement, and both bars were concurrently operative on a variable-interval schedule. During the first and last 6 of 18 successive 2-hr. sessions under each deprivation condition, most responses were emitted under food deprivation, next most under food-plus-water deprivation, and least under water deprivation. Rate of responding for food was consistently higher than for water.

Conditioned Suppression of DRL Responding: Effect of UCS Intensity, Schedule Parameter, and Schedule Context

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Randich ◽  
W. J. Jacobs ◽  
Vincent M. Lolordo ◽  
James R. Sutterer
Keyword(s):  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Conditioned Suppression ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Drl Schedule ◽  
Low Rate

In Experiment I, groups of rats were trained to press a lever for food reinforcement on differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedules which differed in parameter value. A stimulus which terminated with either a 0.5-mA or 2.0-mA electric shock was then superimposed upon each DRL baseline. In general, the magnitude of conditioned suppression was an inverse function of DRL schedule parameter and a direct function of shock intensity. Experiment II demonstrated that the rate of responding maintained by the DRL component of a multiple DRL-extinction schedule decreased during a stimulus preceding a 0.5-mA shock, whereas the rate of responding maintained by the DRL component of a multiple DRL-variable interval schedule showed little change or increased slightly during a stimulus preceding a 0.5-mA shock.

Stability of Response Rates Maintained by Positive Reinforcement

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Hoffman ◽  
Warren Selekman
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Key Pecking ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response Chains

Key-pecking rates before and after a 1.5-yr. interruption were compared in 4 pigeons while they performed on a variable interval schedule of food reinforcement. Analyses showed large differences in rates among animals but no systematic change in the individual rates across the lengthy interruption. The stability of the individual rates were thought to reflect the retention of superstitious response chains maintained by the stimuli associated with the schedule of positive reinforcement.

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