Food Deprivation, Estrogen Levels and Self-Stimulation in the Female Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmingard I. Lenzer
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
The Self ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Stimulation Rate ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Estrogen Effects ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain

The effects of two concurrently changing drive variables, food deprivation and estrogen level, on the self-stimulation rate in the hypothalamus, septum, caudate nucleus, or dorsal hippocampus of 15 female albino rats were studied. When the effects of hunger were calculated using only scores on days of diestrus and the effects of estrogen were calculated using only scores on days of 0-hr. food deprivation, the correlation of these hunger and estrogen effects amounted to 0.67. When the hunger effects were calculated using only scores on days of estrus and these hunger effects correlated with the previously calculated estrogen effects, the correlation amounted to −0.49. These results are consistent with the concept of diffuse overlapping motivational systems in the brain. Controls indicated that the changes in self-stimulation rate were not artifacts of changes in nonspecific activity.

Food Deprivation, Estrogen Levels and Self-Stimulation in the Female Rat: Individual Effects

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 673-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmingard I. Lenzer
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Self Stimulation

Food deprivation was found to augment self-stimulation rates in forebrain and hippocampal areas. Estrogen had mixed effects, i.e., both positive and negative, in hypothalamic, as well as forebrain and hippocampal areas. Interactions between the effects of food deprivation and estrogen were also noted.

scholarly journals Role of orexin peptide system in emotional overeating induced by brain reward stimulation in fed rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Yulia N. Bessolova ◽  
Nikolai S. Efimov ◽  
Eugeny R. Bychkov ◽  
Andrei V. Droblenkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
The Self ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Orexin A ◽  
D2 Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Skinner Box ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Introduction: The purpose of this work was to prove that the reaction of food self-deprivation in “fed up” rats is a suitable model for studying the emotional overeating in the experiment. Methods: The self-deprivation reaction, i.e. self-isolation of an animal from food during electrical self-stimulation of the brain, was studied in animals with food deprivation. To reproduce the self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, the male Wistar rats were trained to press a pedal in a Skinner box. After training, the rats received food deprivation, then a feeder was placed in the Skinner box, and a conditioned food reflex was developed in rats within 5 days. Results and discussion: The food self-deprivation reaction was observed in the ”satiated” rats with a current intensity of 10% and above the threshold for self-stimulation. Hungry animals pressed the pedal for hypothalamic self-stimulation and took no notice of the feeding trough. Sulpiride, a dopamine D2 antagonist (5 and 20 mg/kg i.p.), administered to the “satiated” rats decreased both the eating behavior and self-stimulation in food self-deprivation testing. SB-408124, an orexin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/ml, 20 μl intranasally) reduced only the number of pellets eaten, but not the number of pedal presses. Conclusion: The orexin A receptors are preferably involved in emotional eating compared with orexin B (OX2R TCS-OX2-29) and D2 dopamine receptors. Because emotional eating is significantly related to clinical eating disorders, like bulimia and binge eating disorder, it seems promising to use drugs of the orexin system to treat and prevent the issue.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the new xylarate germanium (IV) complexe with lithium (xygerm-1), lithium chloride and valproic acid to the amphetamine-enhanced self-stimulation reactions in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-349
Author(s):  
E I Varbanets ◽  
V V Godovan ◽  
A A Shandra ◽  
O A Kaschenko
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Stimulation Threshold ◽  
Stimulation Rate ◽  
Monopolar Electrodes ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain

Aim. To estimate the effect of novel lythium bis(µ-xylarato)dihydrogermanate (IV) (Xygerm-1) on reinforcing properties of the lateral hypothalamus self-stimulation in rats compared to the reference drugs (lithium chloride and valproic acid) in rats with amphetamine-induced self-stimulation. Methods. To form a model of the brain self-stimulation, nichrome monopolar electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, followed by morphological control, and 7-10 days after the operation, the rats were trained to press a pedal for electrical stimulation of the brain. The effects of self-stimulation were assessed by analyzing the maximum rate of pedal pressing and the self-stimulation threshold. Study of the test compounds effects had been started when average self-stimulation threshold values varied by less than 10% for three consecutive sessions of the brain self-stimulation. Xygerm-1 (300-1800 mg/kg), valproic acid (30-300 mg/kg) and lithium chloride (25-200 mg/kg) were introduced as intraperitoneal injections to animals of the corresponding study groups (6 rats each). At the next stage of the experiment, effects of Xygerm-1, lithium chloride and valproic acid on amphetamine-induced (dose 0.5 mg/kg) brain self-stimulation reaction increase were studied at the same animal groups. Results. At the first stage of the experiment Xygerm-1 (1200 and 1800 mg/kg), lithium chloride (100 and 200 mg/kg) and valproic acid (300 mg/kg) had significantly increased self-stimulation threshold. High doses of Xygerm-1 and lithium chloride (1800 and 200 mg/kg correspondingly) had relevantly decreased the average self-stimulation rate. There was also a tendency for the average self-stimulation rate to decrease in animals administered valproic acid, though, not statistically significant. The use of Xygerm-1 and lithium chloride induced the dose-dependant self-stimulation threshold increase, decreased by the use of amphetamine sulfate. Rather high doses of Xygerm-1 and lithium chloride (1800 and 100 mg/kg correspondingly) had also blocked amphetamine-induced increase in pedal pressing rate. Studied doses of valproic acid did not altered the amphetamine-induced brain self-stimulation reaction increase. Conclusion. The novel compound bis(µ-xylarato)dihydrogermanate (IV) has a strong influence on behavior, in particular on the brain reward systems, which is similar to the action of lithium chloride and differs from the effect of valproic acid.

scholarly journals The inhibitory effects of orexin antagonists on the reinforcing properties of amphetamine during brain self-stimulation and the development of a conditioned place preference in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Sergei V. Azarenko ◽  
Vitalii I. Morozov ◽  
Yulia N. Bessolova ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Conditioned Reaction ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Behavioral Methods ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Purpose. In experiments on rats, we studied the self-stimulation reaction of the lateral hypothalamus and the conditioned reaction of place preference upon activation (orexin) and blockade of the orexin receptor by SB-408124 or Orexin B18-28 in rats. Methods. As behavioral methods, self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and a conditioned reaction of place preference were chosen. Orexin and its antagonists SB-408124 or Orexin B18-28 (Sigma, USA) were used for pharmacological analysis. All preparations were used in 3 dosages: 0.1, 1.0, 10 g, injecting into the lateral ventricle of the brain (i.v.) through the implanted cannula. Results. It has been shown that peptide substances of orexin and its antagonists modulate the conditional and unconditional reinforcing properties of the brain. The studied orexin antagonists showed a dose-dependent (0.1-1-10 g, i.v.) inhibitory effect on the self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, activated by indirect adrenergic agonist amphetamine (-phenylisopropylamine). The inhibitory effect of orexin antagonists also manifested itself in relation to the generation and expression of a preference for amphetamine place, especially when using high doses of the peptide (10 g i.v.). Conclusion. The effect of orexin antagonists can be used in the development and study of antinarcotic drugs.

From many to one: Meditation and the plasticity of the predictive mind

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Laukkonen ◽  
Heleen A Slagter
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
The Self ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Conceptual Processing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Contemplative Science ◽  
Open Monitoring ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Brain

How profoundly can humans change their own minds? In this paper we offer a unifying account of meditation under the predictive processing view of living organisms. We start from relatively simple axioms. First, the brain is an organ that serves to predict based on past experience, both phylogenetic and ontogenetic. Second, meditation serves to bring one closer to the here and now by disengaging from anticipatory processes. We propose that practicing meditation therefore gradually reduces predictive processing, in particular counterfactual cognition—the tendency to construct abstract and temporally deep representations—until all conceptual processing falls away. Our Many- to-One account also places three main styles of meditation (focused attention, open monitoring, and non-dual meditation) on a single continuum, where each technique progressively relinquishes increasingly engrained habits of prediction, including the self. This deconstruction can also make the above processes available to introspection, permitting certain insights into one’s mind. Our review suggests that our framework is consistent with the current state of empirical and (neuro)phenomenological evidence in contemplative science, and is ultimately illuminating about the plasticity of the predictive mind. It also serves to highlight that contemplative science can fruitfully go beyond cognitive enhancement, attention, and emotion regulation, to its more traditional goal of removing past conditioning and creating conditions for potentially profound insights. Experimental rigor, neurophenomenology, and no-report paradigms combined with neuroimaging are needed to further our understanding of how different styles of meditation affect predictive processing and the self, and the plasticity of the predictive mind more generally.

The ”true me”—one or many?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Berent ◽  
Melanie Platt
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
The Self ◽  
True Self ◽  
Behavioral Test ◽  
Brain Scan ◽  
Moral Behaviors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Constraint Ranking

Recent results suggest that people hold a notion of the true self, distinct from the self. Here, we seek to further elucidate the “true me”—whether it is good or bad, material or immaterial. Critically, we ask whether the true self is unitary. To address these questions, we invited participants to reason about John—a character who simultaneously exhibits both positive and negative moral behaviors. John’s character was gauged via two tests--a brain scan and a behavioral test, whose results invariably diverged (i.e., one test indicated that John’s moral core is positive and another negative). Participants assessed John’s true self along two questions: (a) Did John commit his acts (positive and negative) freely? and (b) What is John’s essence really? Responses to the two questions diverged. When asked to evaluate John’s moral core explicitly (by reasoning about his free will), people invariably descried John’s true self as good. But when John’s moral core was assessed implicitly (by considering his essence), people sided with the outcomes of the brain test. These results demonstrate that people hold conflicting notions of the true self. We formally support this proposal by presenting a grammar of the true self, couched within Optimality Theory. We show that the constraint ranking necessary to capture explicit and implicit view of the true self are distinct. Our intuitive belief in a true unitary “me” is thus illusory.

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