behavioral test
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Reyna ◽  
Megumi Kishimoto-Urata ◽  
Shinji Urata ◽  
Tomoko Makishima ◽  
Slobodan Paessler ◽  
...  

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a pandemic affecting billions of people worldwide. Apart from the extreme global economic impact, the pandemic will likely have a lasting impact through long-term sequelae not yet fully understood. Fully understanding the mechanisms driving the various symptoms and sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection will allow for the eventual development of therapeutics to prevent or treat such life-altering symptoms. In this study, we developed a behavioral test of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. We find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the score of histological damage within the olfactory epithelium. We also find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the thickness of the olfactory epithelium, previously demonstrated to be severely damaged upon infection. Thus, this food-searching behavioral test can act as a simple and effective screening method in a hamster model for various therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Chen ◽  
Lei Tong ◽  
Peng-Yin Nie ◽  
Yu-Lu Chen ◽  
Lili Ji

Abstract BackgroundMicroRNA-124-3p (miR-124) plays an important role in neuroprotective functions in various neurological disorders, but whether miR-124 participates in the pathological progression of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains poorly understood. MethodsIn the present study, we evaluated the level of neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of rats exposed to single-prolonged stress (SPS) by western blot and immunofluorescence staining, while the effect of miR-124 on PTSD-like behaviors was evaluated by behavioral test. ResultsOur results demonstrated that the level of miR-124 in the hippocampus of rats exposed to SPS was downregulated and that the upregulation of miR-124 could alleviate the PTSD-like behaviors of SPS rats. This effect of miR-124 might be achieved through TNF receptor-associated Factor 6 (TRAF6), which is a target gene of miR-124 and plays an important role in the immune and inflammatory reaction by regulating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Furthermore, we found that miR-124 not only decreased the level of proinflammatory cytokines but also increased the expression levels of synaptic proteins (PSD95 and synapsin I) and regulated the morphology of neurons. ConclusionThese results suggested that miR-124 might attenuate PTSD-like behaviors and decrease the level of proinflammatory cytokines by downregulating the expression of TRAF6 in the hippocampus of rats exposed to SPS.


Author(s):  
Youness Kadil ◽  
Imane Tabyaoui ◽  
Latifa Badre ◽  
Nadia Tahiri Jouti ◽  
Houda Filali

Background: Depression is a group of syndromes characterized by notable and persistent mood disorders, and is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, while the existing treatments have an altered risk-benefit balance. The therapeutic properties of Nigella have been confirmed, suggesting the reliance on phytotherapy. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the antidepressive-like effect of Nigella sativa on rats exposed to the Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress procedure. Methods: Wistar rats were used to investigate the antidepressive-like effect. The stress procedure used in this study combined many stressful conditions. After 6 weeks of treatment, behavioral test (forced swim test) was conducted, and histological changes of the hippocampus were examined. Results: Treatment by nigella and fluoxetine significantly reduced the struggling time. Conclusion: Histopathological analysis showed that control treatments result in more loosely arranged cells, significant apoptotic neurons characterized by an irregular appearance, and pyknotic hyperchromatic. A reduction of the thickness of the pyramid layer was also observed in the groups treated with nigella and fluoxetine, suggesting that nigella could be used as a treatment or an adjuvant preventing depressive-like disorders.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Kohei Nishida ◽  
Eisuke Ishigami ◽  
Kazuhiko Takeuchi

Abstract BackgroundHead trauma can be a cause of refractory olfactory dysfunction due to olfactory nervous system injury. Anti-inflammatory treatment using steroids or anti-cytokine agents is known to contribute to functional recovery of the central and peripheral nervous systems in injury models, while there is a concern that they can induce adverse reactions. The present study examines if high-dose immunoglobulin G (IgG) can facilitate olfactory functional recovery following injury. MethodsOlfactory nerve transection (NTx) was performed in OMP-tau-lacZ mice to establish injury models. High-dose IgG was intraperitoneally injected immediately after the NTx and histological assessment of recovery within the olfactory bulb was performed at 5, 14, 42 and 100 days after the drug injection. X-gal staining labeled degenerating and regenerating olfactory nerve fibers and immunohistochemical staining detected the presence of reactive astrocytes and macrophages/microglia. Olfactory function was assessed using an olfactory avoidance behavioral test.ResultsHigh-dose IgG-injected mice showed significantly smaller areas of injury-associated tissue, fewer astrocytes and macrophages/microglia, and an increase in regenerating nerve fibers. An olfactory avoidance behavioral test showed improved functional recovery in the IgG-injected mice. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that high-dose IgG could provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction following head injuries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Vignoli ◽  
Gabriele Sansevero ◽  
Manju Sasi ◽  
Roberto Rimondini ◽  
Robert Blum ◽  
...  

AbstractMemory consolidation requires astrocytic microdomains for protein recycling; but whether this lays a mechanistic foundation for long-term information storage remains enigmatic. Here we demonstrate that persistent synaptic strengthening invited astrocytic microdomains to convert initially internalized (pro)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) into active prodomain (BDNFpro) and mature BDNF (mBDNF) for synaptic re-use. While mBDNF activates TrkB, we uncovered a previously unsuspected function for the cleaved BDNFpro, which increases TrkB/SorCS2 receptor complex at post-synaptic sites. Astrocytic BDNFpro release reinforced TrkB phosphorylation to sustain long-term synaptic potentiation and to retain memory in the novel object recognition behavioral test. Thus, the switch from one inactive state to a multi-functional one of the proBDNF provides post-synaptic changes that survive the initial activation. This molecular asset confines local information storage in astrocytic microdomains to selectively support memory circuits.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Reyna ◽  
Megumi Kishimoto-Urata ◽  
Shinji Urata ◽  
Tomoko Makishima ◽  
Slobodan Paessler ◽  
...  

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a pandemic affecting millions of people worldwide. Apart from the extreme global economic impact, the pandemic will likely have a lasting impact through long-term sequelae not yet fully understood. Fully understanding the mechanisms driving the various symptoms and sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection will allow for the eventual development of therapeutics to prevent or treat such life-altering symptoms. In this study, we developed a behavioral test of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. We find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the score of histological damage within the olfactory epithelium. We also find a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the thickness of the olfactory epithelium, previously demonstrated to be severely damaged upon infection. Thus, this food-searching behavioral test can act as a simple and effective screening method in a hamster model for various therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
Tadao Okayasu ◽  
Tadashi Nishimura ◽  
Akinori Yamashita ◽  
Yoshiki Nagatani ◽  
Takashi Inoue ◽  
...  

Ultrasound can deliver speech information when it is amplitude-modulated with speech and presented via bone conduction. This speech-modulated bone-conducted ultrasound (SM-BCU) can also transmit prosodic information. However, there is insufficient research on the recognition of vowel duration in SM-BCU. The aim of this study was to investigate the categorization of vowel durational changes in SM-BCU using a behavioral test. Eight Japanese-speaking participants with normal hearing participated in a forced-choice behavioral task to discriminate between “hato” (pigeon) and “haato” (heart). Speech signal stimuli were presented in seven duration grades from 220 ms to 340 ms. The threshold at which 50% of responses were “haato” was calculated and compared for air-conducted audible sound (ACAS) and SM-BCU. The boundary width was also evaluated. Although the SM-BCU threshold (mean: 274.6 ms) was significantly longer than the ACAS threshold (mean: 269.6 ms), there were no differences in boundary width. These results suggest that SM-BCU can deliver prosodic information about vowel duration with a similar difference limen to that of ACAS in normal hearing.


Like all self-estimated and or self-assessed tests, they require that the person wants and can report truthfully about oneself. But not so many tests that are based on or partly based on self-estimates or sometimes called self-assessed – measure congruence. Congruence is the match between given answers among themselves. Other words that can describe congruence are conformity, uniformity, concord, dictionary of EPT test [8] Therefore, different self-estimated tests measure this in different ways and some do not even measure it . Some test-companies that this research has asked, has refused to answer if they measure something like consistency or reliability at all.


2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Holzapfel ◽  
Lea Schemer ◽  
Jenny Riecke ◽  
Julia Anna Glombiewski
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Vignoli ◽  
Gabriele Sansevero ◽  
Manju Sasi ◽  
Roberto Rimondini-Giorgini ◽  
Robert Blum ◽  
...  

Abstract Memory consolidation requires astrocytic microdomains for protein recycling; but whether this lays a mechanistic foundation for long-term information storage remains enigmatic. Here we demonstrate that persistent synaptic strengthening invited astrocytic microdomains to convert initially internalized (pro)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) into active prodomain (BDNFpro) and mature BDNF (mBDNF) for synaptic re-use. While mBDNF activates TrkB, we uncovered a previously unsuspected function for the cleaved BDNFpro, which increases TrkB/SorCS2 receptor complex at post-synaptic sites. Astrocytic BDNFpro release reinforced TrkB phosphorylation to sustain long-term synaptic potentiation and to retain memory in the novel object recognition behavioral test. Thus, the switch from one inactive state to a multi-functional one of the proBDNF provides post-synaptic changes that survive the initial activation (molecular memory). This molecular asset confines local information storage in astrocytic microdomains to selectively support memory circuits.


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