scholarly journals The gender pay gap in Revenue

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-75
Author(s):  
Jean Acheson ◽  
Michael Collins
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Gender Imbalance ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Flexible Work Practices

Abstract This paper analyses gender and pay in Revenue, one of the largest public sector employers in the state, and identifies a mean gender pay gap of 16 per cent. Once the civil service grade, working patterns, the type of pay scale, the point on pay scale, and the level of non-basic pay are considered, the gender pay gap is eliminated. When decomposed using the Blinder-Oaxaca method, approximately three-quarters of the gender pay gap is due to grade differences, while approximately one-quarter is due to working patterns. None of the gap is explained by men earning a higher return for the same observed characteristics as women. In other words, unequal pay caused by direct gender discrimination does not play any role in the observed pay gap. Given that gender imbalance across grades is the dominant explanation for the pay gap, and may itself reflect indirect gender discrimination, the paper concludes with policy recommendations to support the advancement of female employees to higher grades and to monitor the equality outcomes from flexible work practices in the post-pandemic labour market.

scholarly journals The changing face of employment relations: equality and diversity

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sian Moore ◽  
Stephanie Tailby
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Uk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what has happened to the notion and reality of equal pay over the past 50 years, a period in which women have become the majority of trade union members in the UK. It does so in the context of record employment levels based upon women’s increased labour market participation albeit reflecting their continued over-representation in part-time employment, locating the narrowed but persistent overall gender pay gap in the broader picture of pay inequality in the UK. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers voluntary and legal responses to inequality and the move away from voluntary solutions in the changed environment for unions. Following others it discusses the potential for collective bargaining to be harnessed to equality in work, a potential only partially realised by unions in a period in which their capacity to sustain collective bargaining was weakened. It looks at the introduction of a statutory route to collective bargaining in 2000, the National Minimum Wage from 1999 and at the Equality Act 2010 as legislative solutions to inequality and in terms of radical and liberal models of equality. Findings – The paper suggests that fuller employment based upon women’s increased labour market activity have not delivered an upward pressure on wages and has underpinned rather than closed pay gaps and social divisions. Legal measures have been limited in the extent to which they have secured equal pay and wider social equality, whilst state support for collective solutions to equality has waned. Its replacement by a statutory minimum wage initially closed pay gaps, but appears to have run out of steam as employers accommodate minimum hourly rates through the reorganisation of working time. Social implications – The paper suggests that statutory minima or even voluntary campaigns to lift hourly wage rates may cut across and even supersede wider existing collective bargaining agreements and as such they can reinforce the attack on collective bargaining structures, supporting arguments that this can reduce representation over pay, but also over a range of other issues at work (Ewing and Hendy, 2013), including equality. Originality/value – There are then limitations on a liberal model which is confined to promoting equality at an organisational level in a public sector subject to wider market forces. The fragmentation of bargaining and representation that has resulted will continue if the proposed dismantling of public services goes ahead and its impact upon equality is already suggested in the widening of the gender pay gap in the public sector in 2015.

scholarly journals Gender pay gap in Vietnam: a propensity score matching analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hoang Oanh ◽  
Nguyen Hong Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pay Inequality ◽  
Unobservable Factors

PurposeThis paper investigates the extent, the determinants and the change in the gender pay gap in Vietnam in the period 2010–2016 in order to provide suggestions for policy adjustment to narrow gender pay inequality more effectively.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the propensity score matching (PSM) method to examine inequality in pay between female and male earners sharing identical characteristics. The analysis is conducted for both the full sample and various characteristic-based subsamples. This procedure is conducted for 2010 and 2016 separately to discover the change in gap and inequality during this period.FindingsThe matching results based on the data sets taken from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) 2010 and 2016 affirm that gender income inequality in Vietnam, though persisted, decreased significantly in 2016 compared to 2010, and was insignificant in many subsamples in 2016. In addition to the observable determinants including educational level, occupation, economic sector and industry, unobservable factors are proved to also play an important role in creating the gender pay gap in Vietnam.Practical implicationsThe research findings suggest that policies aimed at mitigating gender pay inequality should take into account both observable characteristics and unobservable factors such as unobservable gender differences that affect wages and gender discrimination in pay.Originality/valueThis is the first study using a matching technique to investigate gender wage gap in Vietnam. With up-to-date data, longer research period and the superiority of the method used in dealing with sample selection bias, the results obtained are more robust, more detailed and reliable.

Gender discrimination and firms’ profit: evidence from Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjun Liu ◽  
Tomokazu Nomura ◽  
Shoji Nishijima
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Productivity Shocks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Discrimination Model ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose This paper investigates discrimination against women within the Brazilian labour market using firm-level data from the World Bank Investment Climate Survey. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the female employees in the Brazilian labour market are paid less than their productivity warrants due to the existence of discrimination. Design/methodology/approach Based on employer discrimination model proposed by Becker (1971) that considered the proportion of female employees as a proxy for the extent of discrimination, the authors estimate the profit function using OLS analysis, and regress it on the proportion of female employees and other firm characteristics. To address the endogeneity problem caused by unobservable productivity shocks, the authors employed the methods proposed by Olley and Pakes (1996) and Levinsohn and Petrin (2003), respectively. Findings The results indicate that the proportion of female employees has positive effect on firms’ profit in 2002, but has no effect in 2007. This finding gives evidence of the existence of discrimination against female employees within the Brazilian labour market in the early 2000s, while the gender discrimination was reduced overtime. Originality/value This paper’s main contribution is to provide an approach that differs from that of previous research to determine whether discrimination exists within the Brazilian labour market. This paper also provides policy insights for Brazilian labour market.

scholarly journals The UK Gender Pay Gap 1997-2015: What Is the Role of the Public Sector?

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Jones ◽  
Gerry Makepeace ◽  
Victoria Wass
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Why has the British National Minimum Wage had Little or No Impact on Employment?

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
The Real ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Consumer Services

A century has passed since the first call for a British national minimum wage (NMW). The NMW was finally introduced in 1999. It has raised the real and relative pay of low wage workers, narrowed the gender pay gap and now covers around 1-worker-in-10. The consequences for employment have been extensively analysed using information on individuals, areas and firms. There is little or no evidence of any employment effects. The reasons for this include: an impact on hours rather than workers; employer wage setting and labour market frictions; offsets via the tax credit system; incomplete compliance; improvements in productivity; an increase in the relative price of minimum wage-produced consumer services; and a reduction in the relative profits of firms employing low paid workers.

scholarly journals Are Women Really Paid More than Men in Kosovo? Unpicking the Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Ardiana Gashi ◽  
Nick Adnett
Keyword(s):  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Allocation Of Time

AbstractA recent survey found that the unadjusted average hourly net wage rate of female employees in Kosovo exceeded that of male employees. This reverse gender wage gap makes Kosovo a curiosity, though results from other countries suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the size of the gender pay gap in a country and its female labour force participation rate. In the analysis below we estimate earning functions for female and male employees in Kosovo. Using decomposition analyses we then examine the size of the explained and unexplained gender wage gaps. A novel feature of the investigation is that we incorporate into the analysis gender differences in the allocation of time. We find that the superior productivity-related characteristics of female employees in Kosovo hides the magnitude of the difficulties they still face in the labour market. Hence, we conclude that once we focus on workers with similar observed productivity-related characteristics, women in Kosovo are paid significantly less than men.

scholarly journals Flexible work practices: Perspectives from the southern hemisphere

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Horwitz ◽  
Cameron Allan ◽  
Peter Brosnan ◽  
Pat Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Work Practices ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Employment Standards ◽  
Flexible Work Practices

Labour market flexibility continues to be important for employers seeking to improve productivity, reduce costs and be competitively agile. But it also carries downside costs for employees of increased insecurity, potentially deteriorating employment standards and lower morale. In this article numerical and temporal types of flexibility are considered in an analysis of three southern hemisphere countries.

Resolving Gender Pay Inequality? Rationales, Enforcement and Policy

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDE BROWNE
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
British Broadcasting Corporation ◽  
Employment Practices ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
British Labour

It is increasingly argued that models of Corporate Governance can be seen as an effective substitute for conventional state-centred social policy. This article examines the extent to which these contemporary business-led approaches are successful in remedying the gendered pay gap in the British labour market, using the latest Cabinet Office review on women's employment and pay in Britain: the Kingsmill Review, as its central example. The article outlines Kingsmill's recommendations and then analyses their efficacy by means of a ‘snap-shot’ case study of a large employing organisation which was identified as a ‘model employer’ by the Review and which has adopted many exemplary employment practices: the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The article employs analysis of a major original new data set to establish both the successes and limitations of these recommendations in overcoming the gender pay gap within the BBC.

scholarly journals Australian industrial relations in 2020: COVID-19, crisis and opportunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110128
Author(s):  
Stephen Clibborn
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
International Review ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Missed Opportunity

This introduction to the Journal of Industrial Relations’ 2020 Annual Review of Industrial Relations provides an overview of the six Annual Review articles, an international review and two practitioner reviews. The COVID-19 pandemic presented a crisis for the labour market, intensifying serious existing issues such as stagnant wage growth, the gender pay gap and employer non-compliance with minimum wage laws. The pandemic also presented an opportunity for the Australian government to direct its economic stimulus measures in a targeted manner that addressed these existing problems concurrently with the immediate pandemic-related issues. However, 2020 will be marked by this missed opportunity.

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