scholarly journals HUMAN FACTOR — THE WEAKEST LINK OF SECURITY SYSTEM

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Chojnowska ◽  
Iwona Królikowska
Keyword(s):  
Safety Culture ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Security System ◽  
Maritime Education ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Social Conditioning ◽  
Routine Work ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Vocational Experiences

ABSTRACT The authors of the following article reveal what happens with so-called ‘human factor’ on board during routine work as well as in life-threatening situations. They analyze two groups of variables, which determine safe behaviors: subjective (emotional, temperamental, sense of control, vocational experiences, individual experiences in emergencies) and social conditioning (organizational culture of workplace, safety culture). They point out, that in todays’ maritime education the analysis of human behaviors on board and broadening of ideals of maritime safety culture, are being devoted not enough attention. No safety system, even the most advanced one in respect of procedures, law, technology or corporeality can reduce all the possibilities of making a mistake by a human being. Therefore the authors put forward a thesis that it is a human factor that is the weakest link of security system. Based on this theory future trainings of mariners should focus on reduction of human factor in the process of making mistakes.

The Herald of Free Enterprise Casualty and Its Effect on Maritime Safety Philosophy

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Gill ◽  
Christoph M. Wahner
Keyword(s):  
Safety Culture ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Maritime Safety ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Passenger Ferry

AbstractAlthough few maritime endeavors are more prosaic than point-to-point ferry operations, on March 6, 1987, the ro-ro (roll on/roll off) passenger ferry Herald of Free Enterprise capsized 4 min after leaving port, with the loss of at least 188 lives. This paper reviews onboard as well as shoreside human factor issues that contributed to the casualty and discusses how the loss triggered a shift in international maritime safety from reactive response to a “safety culture”-oriented philosophy currently imposed through the International Safety Management Code (“ISM Code”). While full particulars have yet to be disclosed, certain similarities with the January 13, 2012 Costa Concordia casualty suggest the maritime industry is slow to apply lessons expensively learned in lost lives and property.

Development of a Conceptual Safety Culture Framework to Enhance Workplace Safety

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-250
Author(s):  
Rishi Diwan ◽  
Yusuf Faizan ◽  
Sandesh Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Safety Culture ◽  
Workplace Safety

scholarly journals Andexanet Alfa: A Recombinant Modified Human Factor Xa Protein for Drug Reversal of Rivaroxaban and Apixaban

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Abuan ◽  
Kristine H. Wong ◽  
Benjamin Bolinske ◽  
Katherine S. Hale
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Medication Effects ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Andexanet Alfa

Objective: To review the pharmacology, safety, and efficacy of andexanet alfa (andexanet), a recombinant modified human factor Xa protein for reversal of factor Xa inhibitors. Data Sources: English-language articles were obtained from MEDLINE (1966 to February 2019) using the following key words: andexanet, andexanet alfa, AndexXa, factor Xa, antidote, and reversal. Citations from selected articles were used to identify additional sources. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Available published articles reporting results of human studies of andexanet alfa were reviewed for inclusion. Prescribing information was used to obtain additional information regarding pharmacology, adverse events, contraindications, and precautions. Data Synthesis: Andexanet is a recombinant modified human factor Xa protein indicated for reversal of rivaroxaban and apixaban in patients with life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. Onset of action is rapid and sustained throughout bolus and infusion administration. Medication effects subside 1 to 3 hours postadministration. Andexanet is administered as a bolus followed by a 120-minute continuous infusion. Anti-factor Xa activity was reduced by 95% and 92% in apixaban and rivaroxaban groups, respectively, on infusion completion. Thrombin regeneration occurred within 2 to 5 minutes in up to 96% of patients. Minor infusion reactions and gastrointestinal upset were reported most. A black box warning for thrombotic events, cardiac arrest, ischemia, and sudden death should be noted. Conclusions: Andexanet is effective in reversing rivaroxaban and apixaban anticoagulation due to reduction of anti-factor Xa activity in healthy patients and those with acute major bleeds. Safety concerns, including thrombotic risks, exist and should be assessed against individual patient factors.

scholarly journals Building an effective information security awareness program

2020 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Ildikó Legárd
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Security Awareness ◽  
Security Culture ◽  
Information Security Awareness ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Awareness Program ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
And Behavior

Many researchers and experts in the field of information security agree that the user is the weakest link in an organization’s chain of information security. Even if the system’s and the stored data’s physical and logical protection is well developed, the human factor exposes security to significant risk. The effective protection against the threats is to provide security awareness through implementing a well-developed and successful Information Security Awareness Program. Although organizations are able to recognize the importance of information security awareness, the implementation of the awareness programs can be difficult. The aim of this study is to help organizations to develop an effective Information Security Awareness Program tailored to the characteristics of the organization. The paper presents how we can build a program that influences and improves the user’s knowledge, attitude and behavior the most towards information security and makes positive changes in the security culture of an organization. To achieve that goal, the study identifies the key elements of the implementation, compares traditional awareness programs with modern trainings and highlights the importance of communication channels and methods. There is no single solution to improve information security, the essay summarizes and shows the most effective techniques that experts can use in order to seize the user’s attention toward information security, to establish credibility and trust, and to motivate action.

scholarly journals The importance of the human factor during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the successful case of the Italian strategy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Scarpazza ◽  
Gianluca Musumeci ◽  
Andrea S. Camperio Ciani
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractIn Italy, 311,364 cases and 35,851 deaths of people who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were registered as of September 29th, 2020. To avoid the spreading of the virus, mathematical models predicting the course of infection’s spread1 become the basis to plan stringent countermeasures. We applied a published algorithm to real data up to September 27th, modeling two scenarios where predicted and real data were compared: a conservative scenario with a lockdown still ongoing and a scenario reflecting what actually happened in Italy, where the lockdown has been removed. Results revealed that the number of individuals in life-threatening condition is much lower than predicted, as well as the number of symptomatic individuals. Contrarily, the number of asymptomatic individuals is much higher than predicted. This suggest that human beings are not passive victims, but active fighters able to change the course of the infection creating adaptive strategies against the infection’s spread.

The Role of Phishing Victims’ Neuroticism: Reasons Behind the Lack of Consensus

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Pablo LÓPEZ-AGUILAR ◽  
Agusti SOLANAS
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Technical Measures

The growing use of electronic devices along with the anxiety resulting from the COVID19 pandemic set the ground for cybercriminals to take advantage of a larger number of victims and undertake their massive phishing campaigns. Technical measures are widely developed, and the human factor is still the weakest link in the chain. Whilst existing literature suggests that the effect of neuroticism, as one of the Big-Five personality traits, might play an important role in human behaviour in the phishing context, results do not provide uniform outcomes with regards to the influence of this trait in phishing victimisation. With the aim to analyse those results, this article provides a synthesis of the studies aimed at improving the understanding of this trait, and collects evidence that the small samples size used in most of the studies along with their lack of uniformity are behind the contradictory conclusions found on the role of neuroticism and human susceptibility to phishing attacks.

CNE Article: Safety Culture In Australian Intensive Care Units: Establishing A Baseline For Quality Improvement

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Chaboyer ◽  
Di Chamberlain ◽  
Karena Hewson-Conroy ◽  
Bernadette Grealy ◽  
Tania Elderkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Safety Culture ◽  
Hospital Management ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Nurse Leaders ◽  
Safety Attitudes

Background Workplace safety culture is a crucial ingredient in patients’ outcomes and is increasingly being explored as a guide for quality improvement efforts. Objectives To establish a baseline understanding of the safety culture in Australian intensive care units. Methods In a nationwide study of physicians and nurses in 10 Australian intensive care units, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire intensive care unit version was used to measure safety culture. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the mean scores for the 6 subscales of the questionnaire, and generalized-estimation-equations models were used to test the hypotheses that safety culture differed between physicians and nurses and between nurse leaders and bedside nurses. Results A total of 672 responses (50.6% response rate) were received: 513 (76.3%) from nurses, 89 (13.2%) from physicians, and 70 (10.4%) from respondents who did not specify their professional group. Ratings were highest for teamwork climate and lowest for perceptions of hospital management and working conditions. Four subscales, job satisfaction, teamwork climate, safety climate, and working conditions, were rated significantly higher by physicians than by nurses. Two subscales, working conditions and perceptions of hospital management, were rated significantly lower by nurse leaders than by bedside nurses. Conclusions Measuring the baseline safety culture of an intensive care unit allows leaders to implement targeted strategies to improve specific dimensions of safety culture. These strategies ultimately may improve the working conditions of staff and the care that patients receive. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2013;22:93–103)

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