scholarly journals Negation Polarizes Agreement Dynamics During Sentence Comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Stephanie Huette
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
True Statement ◽  
End Points ◽  
The Continuum

AbstractIn a forced-choice mouse-tracking paradigm, true and false statements (ranging from very true, to ambiguous, to very false) were tested in both affirmative and negated forms. Replicating prior research, mouse trajectories reveal subtle differences in a continuum of true to false statements. However, negation modifies this process, particularly for very true statements (i.e. Bread is not made from sand). The mouse trajectories were more curved with negated sentences, with end-points of the continuum of truth (very true and very false statements) having the greatest area under the curve. The proposed explanation is the pragmatic meaning of a negated statement such as “Gummie bears are not alive” is infelicitous, whereas a true statement “People live on Earth” is felicitous. This study reveals the online dynamics of processing these statements and possible confusion, particularly when very true statements contain a negation.

Pharmacokinetics and Abuse Potential of Asalhydromorphone, a Novel Prodrug of Hydromorphone, After Intranasal Administration in Recreational Drug Users

Pain Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-520
Author(s):  
Sven Guenther ◽  
Travis C Mickle ◽  
Andrew C Barrett ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Rene Braeckman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Abuse Potential ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
End Points ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Nasal Irritation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Drug Liking

Abstract Objectives Hydromorphone (HM) is a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist with high susceptibility for abuse. A prodrug of hydromorphone, asalhydromorphone (ASAL-HM), has been designed to deter nonoral forms of abuse associated with hydromorphone. This study evaluated the intranasal (IN) pharmacokinetics and exploratory abuse potential of ASAL-HM compared with HM. Design Single-center, randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Setting Clinical research site. Subjects Healthy adult, nondependent recreational opioid users. Methods Subjects (N = 26) were randomized to receive IN administration of 16.1 mg of ASAL-HM and 8.0 mg of HM (molar-equivalent with respect to hydromorphone). Blood samples were taken through 24 hours postdose, and pharmacodynamic end points (Drug Liking, Feeling High, Take Drug Again, Overall Drug Liking) were assessed through eight hours postdose. Nasal irritation and safety were also assessed. Results Relative to IN HM, the rate (Cmax) and extent (area under the curve [AUC0-last, AUC0-inf]) of exposure to hydromorphone following IN ASAL-HM were reduced by ≥50%. Consistent with these findings, scores on “at-the-moment” (i.e., Drug Liking Emax, High Emax) and retrospective (i.e., Take Drug Again, Overall Drug Liking) end points were statistically significantly lower for IN ASAL-HM, with mean/median differences ranging from 11.4 to 25.0 points. ASAL-HM produced greater nasal-related effects, such as nasal burning and facial pain, and a lower incidence of typical opioid-related adverse events such as euphoria, pruritus, and somnolence. Conclusions The novel hydromorphone prodrug ASAL-HM produced marked reductions in hydromorphone exposure and abuse-related effects following IN administration compared with HM. ASAL-HM has desirable molecular features for incorporation into putative abuse-deterrent immediate-release and extended-release hydromorphone products.

The Maximal–Minimal Model: A framework for evaluating and comparing experience of voice in electroacoustic music

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-228
Author(s):  
Andreas Bergsland
Keyword(s):  
Literary Theory ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Cluster Model ◽  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Zone ◽  
End Points ◽  
Speaking Voice ◽  
The Continuum

This article presents a framework for describing, understanding and evaluating the experience of voice in acousmatic electroacoustic music and related genres through the maximal–minimal model. This model, which is inspired by literary theory, theories of radiophonic voice as well as theories of electroacoustic music, presents maximal and minimal voice as loosely defined poles constituting end points on a continuum on which experienced voices can be localised. Here, maximal voice, which parallels the informative and clearly articulated speaking voice dominant in the radio medium, is described as the converging fulfilment of seven premises. These premises are seen as partly interconnected conditions related to particular aspects or features of the experience of voice. At the other end of the continuum, minimal voice is defined as a boundary zone between voice and non-voice, a zone which is related to the negative fulfilment of the seven premises. The two poles are presented as centre and periphery, respectively, with the seven premises constituting multiple axes spreading out from the centre. These features, it is argued, parallel Lakoff's cluster model of categorisation. Lastly, the article briefly discusses the use of the framework in analysis of electroacoustic works with voice, and it demonstrates two ways in which the evaluations according to the framework can be visualised.

Interactions of chromaticity and luminance in edge identification depend on chromaticity

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
VIVIANNE C. SMITH ◽  
JOEL POKORNY
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Summation ◽  
End Points ◽  
Probability Summation ◽  
Compound Stimuli ◽  
Additive Control

The goal of this work was to study interactions of chromaticity and luminance in edge identification. Two horizontal spatial sawtooth patterns, one with positive and the other with negative harmonics, were compared in a two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) procedure. The observer identified which pattern had sharp upper or lower edges. The fundamental frequency was 2 cycles/deg (cpd), with 5 cycles presented in a 2.5-deg square field. The pattern was presented as a 1-s raised temporal cosine, replacing part of an 8-deg background. Stimuli were specified in a cone troland (l, s, Y) chromaticity space, with correction for individual equiluminance at a nominal 115 td, and individual tritan direction. A preliminary set of interleaved staircases established edge identification for the six directions of the (l, s, Y) space. Three compound stimuli combining two orthogonal directions were chosen and included with the end-points in five randomly interleaved staircases. For combinations of Y with l-chromaticity, or l- with s-chromaticity, probability summation was observed. Combinations of Y with s-chromaticity revealed opponency. Data for +s, +Y and −s, −Y were subadditive; data for +s, −Y and −s, +Y were additive. Control studies using detection rather than edge identification revealed probability summation for all combinations. Luminance edges did not enhance stimuli with l-chromaticities. There was an interaction of luminance edges with s-chromaticities. Dim “blues” and bright “yellows” showed linear summation. Bright “blues” and dim “yellows” showed opponency.

scholarly journals Language Screening in 3-Year-Olds: Development and Validation of a Feasible and Effective Instrument for Pediatric Primary Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Holzinger ◽  
Christoph Weber ◽  
William Barbaresi ◽  
Christoph Beitel ◽  
Johannes Fellinger
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Screening Measure ◽  
Standard Assessment ◽  
Language Screening

Objective: The study was aimed at evaluating the validity and feasibility of SPES-3 (Sprachentwicklungsscreening), a language screening in 3-year-old children within the constraints of regular preventive medical check-ups.Methods: A four-component screening measure including parental reports on the child's expressive vocabulary and grammar based on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory and pediatrician-administered standardized assessments of noun plurals and sentence comprehension was used in a sample of 2,044 consecutively seen children in 30 pediatric offices. One-hundred forty-four children (70 who failed and 74 who passed the screener) comprised the validation sample and also underwent follow-up gold standard assessment. To avoid verification and spectrum bias multiple imputation of missing diagnosis for children who did not undergo gold standard assessment was used. Independent diagnoses by two experts blinded to the screening results were considered gold standard for diagnosing language disorder. Screening accuracy of each of the four subscales was analyzed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Feasibility was assessed by use of a questionnaire completed by the pediatricians.Results: The two parental screening subscales demonstrated excellent accuracy with area under the curve (AUC) scores of 0.910 and 0.908 whereas AUC scores were significantly lower for the subscales directly administered by the pediatricians (0.816 and 0.705). A composite score based on both parental screening scales (AUC = 0.946) outperformed single subscales. A cut off of 41.69 on a T-scale resulted in about 20% positive screens and showed good sensitivity (0.878) and specificity (0.876). Practicability, acceptability and sustainability of the screening measure were mostly rated as high.Conclusion: The parent-reported subscales of the SPES-3 language screener are a promising screening tool for use in primary pediatric care settings.

C. The Continuous Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Thermodynamic Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Interpretation ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
The Continuum

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.

Photo-electric Hβ and uvby photometry

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
D. L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band ◽  
Line Strength ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Relative Line ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F Stars ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Filter Photometry ◽  
The Continuum

Early in the 1950's Strömgren (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) introduced medium to narrow-band interference filter photometry at the McDonald Observatory. He used six interference filters to obtain two parameters of astrophysical interest. These parameters he calledlandc, for line and continuum hydrogen absorption. The first measured empirically the absorption line strength of Hβby means of a filter of half width 35Å centered on Hβand compared to the mean of two filters situated in the continuum near Hβ. The second index measured empirically the Balmer discontinuity by means of a filter situated below the Balmer discontinuity and two above it. He showed that these two indices could accurately predict the spectral type and luminosity of both B stars and A and F stars. He later derived (6) an indexmfrom the same filters. This index was a measure of the relative line blanketing near 4100Å compared to two filters above 4500Å. These three indices confirmed earlier work by many people, including Lindblad and Becker. References to this earlier work and to the systems discussed today can be found in Strömgren's article inBasic Astronomical Data(7).

Observations of the continuum near the galactic centre

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Centre ◽  
The Past ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Continuum

A continuum survey of the galactic-centre region has been carried out at Parkes at 20 cm wavelength over the areal11= 355° to 5°,b11= -3° to +3° (Kerr and Sinclair 1966, 1967). This is a larger region than has been covered in such surveys in the past. The observations were done as declination scans.

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

EELS white line intensities calculated for the 3d and 4d metals

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
C. C. Ahn ◽  
D. H. Pearson ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
B. Fultz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Line Intensity ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
White Line ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Integrated Intensity ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
The Continuum

Previous experimental measurements of the total white line intensities from L2,3 energy loss spectra of 3d transition metals reported a linear dependence of the white line intensity on 3d occupancy. These results are inconsistent, however, with behavior inferred from relativistic one electron Dirac-Fock calculations, which show an initial increase followed by a decrease of total white line intensity across the 3d series. This inconsistency with experimental data is especially puzzling in light of work by Thole, et al., which successfully calculates x-ray absorption spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines by employing a less rigorous Hartree-Fock calculation with relativistic corrections based on the work of Cowan. When restricted to transitions allowed by dipole selection rules, the calculated spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines show a decreasing intensity as a function of Z that was consistent with the available experimental data.Here we report the results of Dirac-Fock calculations of the L2,3 white lines of the 3d and 4d elements, and compare the results to the experimental work of Pearson et al. In a previous study, similar calculations helped to account for the non-statistical behavior of L3/L2 ratios of the 3d metals. We assumed that all metals had a single 4s electron. Because these calculations provide absolute transition probabilities, to compare the calculated white line intensities to the experimental data, we normalized the calculated intensities to the intensity of the continuum above the L3 edges. The continuum intensity was obtained by Hartree-Slater calculations, and the normalization factor for the white line intensities was the integrated intensity in an energy window of fixed width and position above the L3 edge of each element.

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