PSIX-12 “Lamarin Saldonum” for the raising of milk production of cows

The aim of the research was to establish the effectiveness of the use of the feed additive “Lamarin Saldonum.” The feed additive contains Japanese kelp, milk thistle, to increase the milk productivity during the milking period. The studies were conducted on 40 cows of the black-and-white Holstein breed at the age of 2–4 lactation and the amount of milk for the last lactation not less than 7,500 kg. The cows were divided into 4 groups (GE1, GE2, GE3, GC) of 10 heads in each. Cows GE1, GE2, GE3 received 30 days before calving daily feed additive in doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g/kg, respectively, for 60 days. In the GC animals didn’t receive the feed additive (control group). Control milking was performed every 10 days. Using of feed additive in the ration increased milk productivity. In the 1st month of lactation, the average daily amount of milk in GC was 24.00±0.93 kg, which is 7.4%, 19.6% (P < 0.01), 7.4% less than in GE1, GE2 and GE3, respectively. In the 2nd month, the highest average daily amount of milk in GE2 and GE3, which is 13.4% (P < 0.01) and 4.6% more than the GC, respectively. In the 3rd month, the average daily amount of milk in GE1, GE2, and GE3 was 30.22±2.44 kg, 39.57±2.68 kg, 35.11±2.59 kg, respectively, which is 6.8%, 39.9% (P < 0.01), 24.1% more than in GC. The mass fraction of fat in milk in animals GE1, GE2, GE3 was 0.2–0.92%(P < 0.01) higher than in GC. In the second month of lactation, the mass fraction of protein in GE2 was higher by 0.24% (P < 0.01), in GE3–by 0.14 (P < 0.05) relative to GC. At the 3rd month of lactation, the protein content in milk was 0.29% higher in GE2 (P < 0.001) and GE3-by 0.21% (P < 0.001) than in GC.

Monoglyceride Blend Reduces Mortality, Improves Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Health in Broilers Subjected to Clinical Necrotic Enteritis Challenge

This study evaluated the potential of monoglyceride blend (MG) and buffered formic acid (FA) as alternatives to antibiotics in the performance and intestinal health of broilers under clinical necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 544 as-hatched Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 32-floor pens housing 17 birds per pen. The four treatments were: NC—non-additive control; ZBS—antibiotic group supplemented with zinc bacitracin and salinomycin; MG—additive MG supplementation in the starter phase only; and MGFA—additive MG in starter phase and FA in grower and finisher phases. All birds were challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. Results showed that the NC group had lower BWG and higher FCR than the ZBS group in the grower and overall period (p < 0.05). The NC group had higher NE-caused mortality (days 14 to 17) than the ZBS group (p < 0.05). Birds fed MG had lower NE-caused mortality than the NC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed MG had upregulated jejunal tight junction protein1 (TJP1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) on day 16 and improved gross energy digestibility on day 24 than the NC group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that supplementation of MG may improve intestinal health and protect birds from clinical NE occurrence.

THE EFFECT OF THE HARVEST STAGES AND ADDITIVES ON THE SILAGE VALUE OF THE DIFFERENT SUNFLOWER POPULATIONS

The research was carried out in the irrigated trial areas of Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture in 2009 and 2010. 7 different local sunflower varieties (Edirne-black-seeded, Edirne-white-seeded, Erzurum-black-seeded, Erzurum-white-seeded, Kırklareli-black-seeded, Kırklareliwhite-seeded and Tekirdağ) from 3 different harvest times (table formation, full flowering and seed filling) were examined for silage. In the study, silage was carried out using 5 different additives (additive-control, 10% barley, 10% straw, 5% molasses, 1% salt). Dry matter ratio, crude protein ratio, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, relative feed value and pH values ​​were determined in silage. The results showed that local varieties, form times and additives have important effects on silage quality of sunflower. Using barley and molasses as additives significantly improves silage quality. Although the delay in form time decreased the crude protein ratio and increased the ADF and NDF ratios, it improved the dry matter ratio and silage pH.

Effects of Sugar Cane Molasses Addition on the Fermentation Quality, Microbial Community, and Tastes of Alfalfa Silage

The objective was to study the effects of sugar cane molasses addition on the fermentation quality and tastes of alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was ensiled with no additive (Control), 1% molasses (M1), 2% molasses (M2), and 3% molasses (M3) for 206 days. The chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of the alfalfa silages were determined, the microbial communities were described by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the tastes were evaluated using an electronic tongue sensing system. With the amount of added molasses (M), most nutrition (dry matter and crude protein) was preserved and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were sufficiently used to promote the fermentation, resulting in a pH reduction from 5.16 to 4.48. The lactic acid (LA) content and LA/acetic acid (AA) significantly increased, indicating that the fermentation had turned to homofermentation. After ensiling, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus were the dominant genus in all treatments and the undesirable microbes were inhibited, resulting in lower propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), and NH3-N production. In addition, bitterness, astringency, and sourness reflected tastes of alfalfa silage, while umami and sourness changed with the amount of added molasses. Therefore, molasses additive had improved the fermentation quality and tastes of alfalfa silage, and the M3 group obtained the ideal pH value (below 4.5) and the best condition for long-term preservation.

Problems with products? Control strategies for models with interaction and quadratic effects

Models testing interactive and quadratic hypotheses are common in Political Science but control strategies for these models have received little attention. Common practice is to simply include additive control variables, without relevant product terms, into models with interaction or quadratic terms. In this paper, we show in Monte Carlos that interaction terms can absorb the effects of other un-modeled interaction and non-linear effects and analogously, that included quadratic terms can reflect omitted interactions and non-linearities. This problem even occurs when included and omitted product terms do not share any constitutive terms. We show with Monte Carlo experiments that regularized estimators, the adaptive Lasso, Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), and Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) can prevent the misattribution of interactive/quadratic effects, minimize the problems of efficiency loss and overfitting, and have low false-positive rates. We illustrate how inferences drawn can change when relevant product terms are used in the control strategy using a recent paper. Implementing the recommendations of this paper would increase the reliability of conditional and non-linear relationships estimated in many papers in the literature.

Chemical composition in soybean silages with inoculant and molasses

Chemical composition was assessed in soybean silages without any additive (control), with a microbial inoculant (I), with I + molasses (I+M), and with molasses only (M). Soybean plants were harvested at the reproductive 6 (R6) stage and ensiled in 2 kg-capacity PVC laboratory silos. The SIL ALL C4 inoculant produced by Alltech Brazil was used in combination with or without 2.5% molasses added to the natural matter base. A 4 × 6 factorial arrangement (4 additives × 6 fermentation periods) in a completely randomised design with 3 replications was used. The assessed fermentation periods were 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Excluding the dry matter and crude protein contents it was observed an interaction effect (P<0.05) between the additive and fermentation periods in the silages. It was observed higher average values of dry matter, equal 290.02 g kg-1, and crude protein, equal 151.28 g kg-1, to I+M and M silages, respectively. It was observed lowest values (P<0.05) to neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) contents in I+M silages, equal 180.47 and 125.07 g kg-1, respectively. The addition of inoculant associated or not with molasses improved affect the chemical composition of soybean silages.

ε-Positional Strategies in the Theory of Differential Pursuit Games and the Invariance of a Constant Multivalued Mapping in the Heat Conductivity Problem

In this paper, we consider two problems. In the first problem, we prove that if the assumption from the paper [1] and one additional condition on the parameters of the game hold, then the pursuit can be finished in any neighborhood of the terminal set. To complete the game, an ε-positional pursuit strategy is constructed.In the second problem, we study the invariance of a given multivalued mapping with respect to the system with distributed parameters. The system is described by the heat conductivity equation containing additive control terms on the right-hand side.

ffects of dietary methionine and lysine supplementation on growth performance, meat composition and rumen fermentation pattern in goats

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of methionine and lysine supplementation on growth performance, meat quality and rumen fermentation parameters in growing goats. Twenty Xiangdong black goats with initial body weights of 18.1 ± 2.07 kg were used and randomly assigned into four treatments including: no additive (Control), 1.27% Methionine (T1), 2.45% Lysine-HCl (T2), 1.27% Methionine plus 2.45% Lysine-HCl (T3). After 28 days of feeding, the goats were slaughtered and samples were collected for the study. Supplementation of methionine and lysine had no effect on growth performance, meat quality, tissue chemical composition and rumen fermentation parameters. These findings suggest that the mode of supplementation of methionine and lysine used failed to detect the variation.

Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin plus trehalose improves quality of frozen-thawed ram sperm

The objective of this study was to determine effects of supplementing Tris-based semen extenders with either cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) or 7-dehydrocholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (7-DCLC) plus trehalose (T) for cryopreservation of ram semen. Semen was collected with an artificial vagina from five Merino rams (2–3 years of age) during the non-breeding season. Ejaculates were pooled, divided into eight equal portions, diluted with a standard Tris-based extender containing: no additive (control); T (50 mM); or T (50 mM) + 1.5, 2.5 or 3.5 mg of either 7-DCLC or CLC. Semen was chilled from 37°C to 4°C, placed in 0.25 ml French straws, held 5 cm above liquid nitrogen for 12 minutes, then plunged into liquid nitrogen. After thawing, a computer-aided semen analyzer system (CASA) was used to assess motility, whereas plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI) and high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP) were assessed with flow cytometry. Sperm supplemented with 2.5 mg and 3.5 mg CLC + T had the highest (P &lt; 0.05) total and progressive motility (65.2 ± 4.7 and 19.0 ± 1.0% respectively, mean ± SEM), albeit with no significant differences from sperm with 1.5 or 3.5 mg CLC + T. Sperm with 2.5 mg CLC + T had the highest (P &lt; 0.05) PMAI (59.3%; not different from 3.5 mg CLC + T) and highest (P &lt; 0.05) HMMP (64.6%; not different from 1.5 or 3.5 mg CLC + T). The lowest ALH value, 2.8 ± 0.3 µm was in the 2.5 mg 7-DCLC + T group; otherwise, there were no significant differences among groups for any other CASA end point. In conclusion, adding CLC + T to a tris-based extender optimized quality of frozen-thawed ram semen. Therefore, extenders including CLC + T have potential to improve quality of frozen-thawed ram sperm.

Effect of additives in medium on in-vitro maturation of goat oocytes

Present study was carried out to find the effect of combining EGF with IGF, cysteine and sodium pyruvate singly as additive in a medium consisting of TCM-199 + 100 µl/ml foetal bovine serum + 100 µM/ml cysteamine + 1 µg/ml 17â- Oestradiol + 5 µg/ml pFSH + 5µg/ml oLH + 10 per cent follicular fluid and 10 per cent oestrous goat serum on in-vitro maturation (IVM) of caprine oocytes on incubation at 38.50C for 24 hours in a CO2 incubator maintaining 5 per cent CO2 under humidified condition. The additives comprised 10 ng/ml EGF + 50 ng/ml IGF-1, 10 ng/ml EGF + 600 µM/ml cysteine and 10 ng/ ml EGF + 0.2 mM/ml sodium pyruvate. The IVM rate of oocytes on the basis of cumulus cells expansion and nuclear maturation was found to be significantly higher (P less than 0.05) with EGF + IGF-1 (88.74 ± 1.85% and 61.71 ± 1.61%) than with EGF + sodium pyruvate (82.86 ± 0.97% and 54.62 ± 1.88%), EGF + cysteine ( 78.58 ± 1.45% and 49.02 ± 1.52%) and without additive (control) (75.27 ± 1.58% and 43.03 ± 1.48%).