Atrazine-induced degranulation of thyroid mast cells in peripubertal and adult rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Rajkovic ◽  
Renata Kovac ◽  
Ivana Koledin ◽  
Milica Matavulj
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

AbstractAtrazine is a commonly used pesticide in the US and the non-EU countries. It is classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and is well-known for its reproductive toxicity in mammals and lower vertebrates. The study on atrazine effects on thyroid mast cells was performed on juvenile/peripubertal and adult male Wistar rats orally gavaged with atrazine at doses of 50 mg/kg of body weight (bw) or 200 mg/kg bw. In order to visualize the mast cell population within the thyroid gland, a histochemical staining method of toluidine blue was used. The results of the histological evaluation demonstrated a prominent increase in mast cell degranulation in both age groups and at both atrazine doses. According to the stereological analysis, a statistically significant decrease in the mast cell volume density in the young rats exposed to a higher dose of atrazine was found when compared to the corresponding control. The numerical density of mast cells significantly decreased in a higher-dose atrazine treated adults in comparison to the control. The obtained data suggest that atrazine-affected mast cells would probably have a consequent influence on thyroid follicular cells and/or thyroid microvasculature via paracrine action of released mediators, but might also be involved in already suggested thyroid cancerogenesis.

Testicular serotonin is related to mast cells but not to Leydig cells in the rat

1995 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Aguilar ◽  
F Antón ◽  
C Bellido ◽  
E Aguilar ◽  
F Gaytan
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Testicular Capsule

Abstract Testicular serotonin (5HT) concentrations were determined by HPLC in the testes of rats treated neonatally with oestradiol benzoate (EB) and in adult rats treated with the Leydig cell cytotoxic ethylene dimethane sulphonate (EDS). 5HT concentrations were related to mast cell numbers. EB-treated rats showed an accumulation of mast cells in the testes at 35 and 70 days of age and increased 5HT concentrations in both the interstitial fluid and the testicular capsule, whereas no increases in 5HT concentrations or in the number of mast cells were found for the ventral prostate of these animals. On the contrary, 5HT concentrations were not related to the number of Leydig cells. In EB-treated rats, in which Leydig cells were nearly absent at 35 days of age, 5HT concentrations were significantly increased. Furthermore, EDS-treated rats did not show significant changes in 5HT concentrations, in spite of the elimination of Leydig cells. These data suggest that mast cells are a major source of serotonin in the rat testis. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 15–21

Acute stress causes mucin release from rat colon: role of corticotropin releasing factor and mast cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (5) ◽  
pp. G884-G892 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Castagliuolo ◽  
J. T. Lamont ◽  
B. Qiu ◽  
S. M. Fleming ◽  
K. R. Bhaskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Fecal Pellet ◽  
Mast Cell Degranulation ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Colonic Mucin ◽  
Mucin Release

We determined the effects of immobilization stress on rat colonic mucus release and mast cell degranulation and examined whether corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) was involved in these responses. After 30-min immobilization, rats were killed, colonic mucosal explants were cultured, and levels of rat mast cell protease II (RMCP II) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured. Mucin release from explants was assayed by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into colonic mucin and by histological evaluation of goblet cell depletion. Stress caused significant increases of colonic RMCP II, PGE2, and mucin release and fecal pellet output and caused an approximately 10-fold increase in colonic mucosal levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA. These stress-associated changes were reproduced by intravenous or intracerebral injection of CRF in conscious, nonstressed rats. Pretreatment of rats with the CRF antagonist alpha-helical-CRF9-41, hexamethonium, atropine, or bretylium, or the mast cell stabilizer lodoxamide inhibited stress-induced release of RMCP II, PGE2, and mucin, whereas indomethacin prevented mucin release but not mast cell degranulation. Hexamethonium and CP-96,345, a substance P antagonist, inhibited fecal pellet output caused by stress. We conclude that CRF released during immobilization stress increases colonic transit via a neuronal pathway and stimulates colonic mucin secretion via activation of neurons and mast cells.

Cardiac function in hearts isolated from a rat model deficient in mast cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. H632-H637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Kennedy ◽  
Martin Hauer-Jensen ◽  
Jacob Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Balloon Catheter ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Adult Rats

Several studies have examined the role of mast cells in the myocardial response to injury such as that caused by hypertension and ischemia-reperfusion. However, little is known about the influence of mast cells on normal myocardial structure and function. The present experiments examined cardiac function in Langendorff-perfused hearts isolated from 6- and 9-mo-old male mast cell-deficient ( Ws/ Ws) and mast cell-competent rats. A fluid-filled balloon catheter was used to measure left ventricular diastolic and systolic function at increasing preload volumes. At 6 mo of age, mast cell-deficient rats showed a slight cardiac hypertrophy (as monitored by heart weight and heart weight-to-body weight ratio) but no significant change in maximum observed systolic or diastolic function. In contrast, at 9 mo of age, the mast cell-deficient group showed no signs of hypertrophy but displayed a diastolic dysfunction characterized by decreased compliance without a significant decline in maximum observed basal −dP/d tmax. There were no significant differences in maximum observed values for measures of systolic function (developed pressure and +dP/d tmax). In summary, the results of this study in adult rats suggest that mast cells influence cardiac function in the absence of injury and that observed differences between mast cell-competent and -deficient animals vary with age. Thus it is important to consider these “physiological” actions and resulting changes in function when studying effects of insult in mast cell-deficient models.

scholarly journals Differential expression of secretory granule proteases in mouse mast cells exposed to interleukin 3 and c-kit ligand.

1992 ◽  
Vol 175 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Gurish ◽  
N Ghildyal ◽  
H P McNeil ◽  
K F Austen ◽  
S Gillis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Secretory Granule ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Carboxypeptidase A ◽  
Interleukin 3 ◽  
Kit Ligand ◽  
Recombinant Cytokine ◽  
Granule Maturation

It is now established that the subclasses of mast cells (MC) that reside in mucosal and serosal environments can be distinguished from one another in terms of their expression of specific secretory granule-localized proteases and proteoglycans. Further, the hematopoietic- and connective tissue-derived cytokines that regulate expression of the genes that encode these constituents of the granule can now be identified using recently developed gene-specific probes and recombinant cytokines. When bone marrow-derived MC (BMMC) were developed with recombinant interleukin 3 (rIL-3) and maintained with this cytokine in the absence or presence of recombinant c-kit ligand (rKL), they remained safranin-, produced almost no 35S-labeled heparin proteoglycans, and contained greater levels of mouse MC protease (MMCP) -5 mRNA and mast cell carboxypeptidase A (MC-CPA) mRNA than MMCP-6 mRNA. They did not contain MMCP-4 or -2 mRNA, genes expressed late in the differentiation of progenitor cells into serosal and mucosal MCs, respectively. In contrast, BMMC developed with rKL alone or by sequential culture in medium containing rIL-3 followed by rKL expressed high levels of MMCP-4 and -6 mRNA, as well as the transcripts that encode MMCP-5 and MC-CPA. Although rKL-developed BMMC were safranin+ and produced substantial amounts of 35S-labeled heparin proteoglycans, they contained only minimal amounts of histamine and MC-CPA enzymatic activity relative to serosal MC. These are the first studies to characterize the transcriptional granule phenotype of a population of BMMC derived using any recombinant cytokine, to demonstrate a dissociation between histochemical staining and granule maturation, and to demonstrate antagonistic regulation of late expressed protease genes by a cytokine.

Coronary vasodilator reserve, capillarity, and mitochondria in trained hypertensive rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1179-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Tomanek ◽  
C. V. Gisolfi ◽  
C. A. Bauer ◽  
P. J. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Coronary Reserve ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume Density

To test the hypothesis that exercise training can reverse the decrements in coronary reserve, capillary density, and mitochondrial volume density evident during established hypertension, we trained spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats on a treadmill over a 3-mo period. At 7 mo of age we used microspheres to evaluate myocardial perfusion in conscious rats. Exercise training did not alter hypertension or left ventricular hypertrophy but did increase maximal O2 consumption in both SHR and WKY. A decrement in left and right ventricular coronary reserve in SHR, compared with WKY, was indicated by 1) a smaller increment in myocardial perfusion during maximal vasodilation with dipyridamole and 2) a higher minimal coronary vascular resistance per unit mass. Exercise training had no significant effect on any index of myocardial perfusion in SHR or WKY. A 12% decrement in capillary numerical density in the endomyocardium of SHR was not reversed by exercise training. We estimated the volume densities of mitochondria, myofibrils, and sarcoplasm using electron microscopy and point-counting stereology on perfusion-fixed hearts. None of the parameters in either SHR or WKY was changed by exercise training. It is concluded that exercise training does not reverse the decrements in coronary reserve and capillary numerical density associated with hypertension in adult rats. Moreover the previously observed enhancement of mitochondrial volume density due to exercise in young hypertensive rats was not observed in adult SHR.

Spatial relationship between cardiac mast cells and coronary capillaries in neonatal rats with cardiomegaly

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1750-1753 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rakusan ◽  
S. E. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Capillary Length ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Density of cardiac mast cells and their localization with respect to coronary capillaries was studied in two experimental situations. First, cardiac hypertrophy produced by aortic constriction in 5-day-old rats was studied. Left ventricular weight increased more than twofold in this experimental situation, while the increases in total capillary length and total number of cardiac mast cells were much smaller, resulting in decreased densities of both tissue components. In the second series of experiments, localization of cardiac mast cells at two distinct portions of coronary capillaries was studied in normal hearts of adult rats. Differential histochemical staining enabled us to distinguish between the portions of capillaries close to arterioles and portions on the venular side. The number of mast cells close to arteriolar portions of coronary capillaries was significantly higher than one would expect in the case of their even distribution along the capillary wall. The relationship between the mast cells and formation of new capillaries is discussed.Key words: angiogenesis, microcirculation, capillary net, cardiac hypertrophy.

Effects of exposure to 5°C and advancing age on tissue mast cells and heparin in male rats

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Marx ◽  
M. Hirota ◽  
C. A. Printup ◽  
M. A. Warnick ◽  
W. Marx
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Two Age Groups

Mast cell counts and heparin concentrations in liver, lung, kidney, thymus and spleen, and serum heparin levels and blood clotting times were determined in two age groups of male rats, exposed to 5°C for 1 week, and in controls of the same ages kept at room temperature. It was observed that the mast cell counts from different regions of the same organ were similar. With advancing age, the mast cells became more numerous in lung and thymus and, to a lesser degree, in kidney. Cold exposure caused an elevation of the mast cell numbers in the younger group but a depression in the older animals; these changes were significant in lung and thymus. The heparin content of thymus rose with advancing age; a similar trend was seen in lung. Cold exposure had no effect on tissue heparin levels. The serum concentration of the anticoagulant was not influenced by age or external temperature, but the clotting time was elevated by both advancing age and cold environment.

Cytochemical analysis of mast cell granules after poly-dl-lysine action

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
R. Courtoy ◽  
L.J. Simar ◽  
J. Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
Ferric Thiocyanate ◽  
Cytochemical Analysis ◽  
Mast Cell Granule ◽  
Amine Liberation

Several chemical compounds induce amine liberation from mast cells but do not necessarily provoque the granule expulsion. For example, poly-dl-lysine induces modifications of the cellular membrane permeability which promotes ion exchange at the level of mast cell granules. Few of them are expulsed but the majority remains in the cytoplasm and appears less dense to the electrons. A cytochemical analysis has been performed to determine the composition of these granules after the polylysine action.We have previously reported that it was possible to demonstrate polyanions on epon thin sections using a cetylpyridinium ferric thiocyanate method. Organic bases are selectively stained with cobalt thiocyanate and the sulfhydryle groups are characterized with a silver methenamine reaction. These techniques permit to reveal the mast cell granule constituents, i.e. heparin, biogenic amines and basic proteins.

Magnesium and sulfur in mast cell and basophil granules of lower vertebrates in relation with histamine

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1596-1597
Author(s):  
Kenichi Takaya
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

Mast cell and basophil granules of the vertebrate contain heparin or related sulfated proteoglycans. Histamine is also present in mammalian mast cells and basophils. However, no histamine is detected in mast cell granules of the amphibian or fish, while it is shown in those of reptiles and birds A quantitative x-ray microanalysis of mast cell granules of fresh frozen dried ultrathin sections of the tongue of Wistar rats and tree frogs disclosed high concentrations of sulfur in rat mast cell granules and those of sulfur and magnesium in the tree frog granules. Their concentrations in tree frog mast cell granules were closely correlated (r=0.94).Fresh frozen dried ultrathin sections and fresh air-dried prints of the tree frog tongue and spleen and young red-eared turtle (ca. 6 g) spleen and heart blood were examined by a quantitative energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis (X-650, Kevex-7000) for the element constituents of the granules of mast cells and basophils. The specimens were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (80-200 kV) and followed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) under an analytical electron microscope (X-650) at an acceleration voltage of 40 kV and a specimen current of 0.2 nA. A spot analysis was performed in a STEM mode for 100 s at a specimen current of 2 nA on the mast cell and basophil granules and other areas of the cells. Histamine was examined by the o-phthalaldehyde method.

Mast cell-nerve fiber interaction: Ultrastructural studies

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
E.Y. Chi ◽  
M.L. Su ◽  
Y.T. Tien ◽  
W.R. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Granulocyte Infiltration ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection ◽  
Recent Attention

Recent attention has been directed to the interaction of the nerve and immune systems. The neuropeptide substance P, a tachykinnin which is a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems produces tissue swelling, augemntation of intersitial fibrin deposition and leukocyte infiltration after intracutaneous injection. There is a direct correlation reported between the extent of mast cell degranulation at the sites of injection and the tissue swelling or granulocyte infiltration. It has previously been demonstrated that antidromic electrical stimulation of sensory nerves induces degranulation of cutaneous mast cells, cutaneous vasodilation and augmented vascular permeability. Morphological studies have documented a close anatiomical association between mast cells and nonmyelinated nerves, that contain substance P and other neuropeptides. However, the presence of mast cells within nerve fasicles has not been previously examined ultrastructurally. In this study, we examined ultrastructurally the distribution of mast cells in the nerve fiber bundles located in the muscular connective tissue of rat tongues (n=20).

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