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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Candida Cesta ◽  
Mara Zippoli ◽  
Carolina Marsiglia ◽  
Elizabeth Marie Gavioli ◽  
Flavio Mantelli ◽  
...  

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus—2 (SARS CoV-2) has resulted in the global spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increase in complications including Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Due to the lack of therapeutic options for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, recent attention has focused on differentiating hyper- and hypo-inflammatory phenotypes of ARDS to help define effective therapeutic strategies. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has a role in neutrophil activation and has been identified within the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of IL-8 as a biomarker and prognostic factor in modulating the hyperinflammatory response in ARDS. The crucial role of IL-8 in lung inflammation and disease pathogenesis might suggest IL-8 as a possible new therapeutic target to efficiently modulate the hyperinflammatory response in ARDS.


2022 ◽  

Though he has been marginalized in most mainstream accounts of modern architecture, Albert Kahn (b. 1869–d. 1942) is increasingly considered one of the most important and consequential US architects of the 20th century. Kahn is known primarily for the technically innovative and rigorously functional factory buildings that his still-extant firm Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. (founded 1903) designed for automotive manufacturers, including the Ford Motor Company, but his firm was also responsible for hundreds of eclectically styled buildings for other purposes in Detroit, Michigan. Research and writing regarding Albert Kahn often requires considerable effort to disambiguation. Most importantly, Albert Kahn the man is far from a synecdoche for the firm he founded, Albert Kahn Associates, Inc., which employed upward of several hundred people at its height and is still in operation under the simplified Kahn moniker today. Some mid-20th century historians and critics substituted the inaccurate and often derogatory moniker “Albert Kahn Inc.” as name for the firm to suggest its alienated and impersonal nature. Albert Kahn’s siblings are also worthy of attention in their own right. Frequently mentioned in the extant literature are brothers Julius (b. 1874–d. 1942) who was a trained engineer, inventor and co-founder of the highly successful Trussed Concrete Steel Company; Moritz (b. 1880–d. 1939), who was also an executive of the Kahn firm pivotal in its operations in the USSR between 1929 and 1932, and occasionally Louis (b. 1885–d. 1945), who was a manager and executive in the Kahn firm. Views of Albert Kahn have served as a barometer for the intellectual climate in architecture culture since the early 20th century, indexing the relative importance of aesthetics, ethics, and technics. Studies of Kahn and his firm have, until recently, primarily focused on their contributions to industrial architecture and the influence of their early factory buildings on architecture culture at large. These studies often describe the give-and-take between assembly lines and the streamlined, pragmatic design of the buildings that encompassed them. An upsurge of recent attention to Kahn’s work has been oriented away from issues of design toward larger histories. Some scholars have addressed the shift toward large, integrated offices within the profession, for which Albert Kahn Associates was a groundbreaking exemplar. Others have addressed the ways Kahn served the growth of global enterprise, revealing that his marginalization from architectural history has effaced the willful complicity of US architects in compounding capitalist power and solidifying its ideology. These topics remain rich veins for future researchers.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjie Zhang ◽  
Kim Lu ◽  
Rongkun Zheng

Uranium oxide hydrate (UOH) materials, a group of minerals and synthetic phases, have attracted recent attention due to their highly structural flexibility and diversity, as well as their primary relationship...


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Beata Tim ◽  
Paulina Błaszkiewicz ◽  
Michał Kotkowiak

Robust and versatile strategies for the development of functional nanostructured materials often focus on assemblies of metallic nanoparticles. Research interest in such assemblies arises due to their potential applications in the fields of photonics and sensing. Metallic nanoparticles have received considerable recent attention due to their connection to the widely studied phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance. For instance, plasmonic hot spots can be observed within their assemblies. A useful form of spectroscopy is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This phenomenon is a commonly used in sensing techniques, and it works using the principle that scattered inelastic light can be greatly enhanced at a surface. However, further research is required to enable improvements to the SERS techniques. For example, one question that remains open is how to design uniform, highly reproducible, and efficiently enhancing substrates of metallic nanoparticles with high structural precision. In this review, a general overview on nanoparticle functionalization and the impact on nanoparticle assembly is provided, alongside an examination of their applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.


Author(s):  
Joanna Everitt

Abstract Canadian political science has changed over the past 50 years; however, these changes have come slowly and lag behind larger societal demographic transformations. While early attention to diversity concentrated on the place of women within the discipline, more recent attention focuses on the presence of Black, Indigenous and other political scientists of colour. Accompanying a diversification of personnel has been a broadening of the substantive focus of our research, as well as an expansion in the epistemological and methodological approaches applied to the study of politics. Yet despite these adaptations, the study of political science in Canada remains siloed and often exclusionary, challenging our ability to train the next generation of scholars to be capable of addressing the issues facing a world that is increasingly complex and diverse.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Hu ◽  
Pei Han ◽  
Xing-Ye Yu ◽  
Bao-Teng Wang ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
...  

Abstract Studies on the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides by fungal extracellular enzymes have attracted much recent attention. In this study, dozens of fungus species spanning genera were isolated from rotting leaves based on their ability to decompose xylan. Using genetic sequencing (rDNA internal transcribed spacer), strains were identified as members of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Campylocarpon, Pyrenochaeta and Cladosporium. Among these strains, two Penicillium strains can’t be assigned to any reported species. In this study, they are described new species as Penicillium yanchengium sp. novT (AF 2021051) and Penicillium dongtaiense sp. novT (AF 2121001) based on multigene phylogenetic analysis and morphology. Penicillium yanchengense sp. novT belong to Penicillium section Lanata-Divaricata and are phylogenetically closely related to Penicillium oxalicum and Penicillium asturianum. Isolates of Penicillium yanchengense sp. novT have a faster growth on Czapek yeast agar (CYA) at 37 ℃, abundant exudate present on CYA, and a greater ability to produce acid on creatine sucrose agar (CREA). Penicillium dongtaiense sp. novT was placed in section Sclerotiora and it is most closely related to Penicillium exsudans, Penicillium mallochii and Penicillium acidum. It is unique in slower growth on CYA and MEA plates, abundant exudate on MEA, and cerebriform grooves on YES compared to its relatives. In this study, we provide detailed description about two species.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Bagheriye ◽  
Johan Kwisthout

The implementation of inference (i.e., computing posterior probabilities) in Bayesian networks using a conventional computing paradigm turns out to be inefficient in terms of energy, time, and space, due to the substantial resources required by floating-point operations. A departure from conventional computing systems to make use of the high parallelism of Bayesian inference has attracted recent attention, particularly in the hardware implementation of Bayesian networks. These efforts lead to several implementations ranging from digital circuits, mixed-signal circuits, to analog circuits by leveraging new emerging nonvolatile devices. Several stochastic computing architectures using Bayesian stochastic variables have been proposed, from FPGA-like architectures to brain-inspired architectures such as crossbar arrays. This comprehensive review paper discusses different hardware implementations of Bayesian networks considering different devices, circuits, and architectures, as well as a more futuristic overview to solve existing hardware implementation problems.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adonis S. Floren ◽  
Ken-ichi Hayashizaki ◽  
Sumaitt Putchakarn ◽  
Piyalap Tuntiprapas ◽  
Anchana Prathep

In the tropical ecosystem, sea cucumbers are associated with seagrass meadows in various ways, often forming a network of ecological interactions. From this myriad of interactions, the trophic relationship between the seagrasses and sea cucumbers has received recent attention with the advent of analytical techniques. However, little is understood about the exact mechanism by which seagrasses are sustaining the sea cucumber populations in the food chain, considering the high number of refractory components in seagrasses and the lack of digestive enzymes among sea cucumbers. This manuscript aims to review existing concepts in ecology concerning the association between tropical seagrasses and sea cucumbers to provide directions for research and management of this vital resource. We searched literature from electronic databases and identified key concepts concerning sea cucumber and seagrass communities based on geographic distribution, nutrient compositions, seagrass decomposition process, and trophic enrichments in the food chain. A conceptual model was then developed detailing the factors influencing the association between the seagrass meadows and sea cucumbers. Despite the limited published information on the seagrass–sea cucumber association, a synthesis of the current understanding of this topic is provided to address the declining sea cucumber populations in the tropical seagrass meadows. We suggest that the successful restoration of sea cucumber fisheries requires a thorough understanding of the seagrass decomposition process, which is vital to the diet of sea cucumbers.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Susan Braedley ◽  
Meg Luxton

Abstract Social reproduction has received considerable recent attention from academics and activists aiming to stimulate and advance transformative political change. Yet, an understanding of social reproduction as “work” has sometimes slipped away, leaving behind important anti-racist feminist insights. Engaging with recent contributions from scholars in the U.S., U.K., and Canada, we argue that social reproduction is most useful as a concept, not as a theory, and is best understood as “work”. We point out quandaries and ambiguities that have produced conceptual confusion in scholarship on social reproduction and argue for a conceptualization offered by feminist political economy. We conclude that social reproduction, when understood as work, can support efforts to build the mass movements and solidarity necessary for effective anti-capitalist politics if its relationship to, and contradictions with, the processes of dispossession and capital accumulation are taken into account.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Xiaolei Guo ◽  
Gerald S. Frankel

AbstractSmart coatings that provide corrosion protection on demand have received a lot of recent attention. In the present study, nanofibers containing a corrosion inhibitor were prepared by a coaxial electrospinning technique, which addresses the limitations of inhibitor-loaded microcapsules or nanocontainers. The as-prepared nanofibers have a core-shell structure with Ce(NO3)3 and the chitosan/polyacrylic acid polyelectrolyte coacervate as the core and shell materials, respectively. UV-vis spectroscopic analysis confirms that the nanofibers are pH-sensitive and able to release the enclosed Ce(NO3)3 at both low and high pH conditions, which are spontaneously generated during corrosion at local anodes and cathodes, respectively. A coating system consisting of such nanofibers within a polyvinyl butyral coating matrix exhibits improved corrosion protection of an AA2024-T3 substrate. Moreover, the embedded Ce(NO3)3-loaded nanofibers can persistently release Ce(NO3)3 to impede corrosion of AA2024-T3 when the artificially damaged coating sample is exposed to NaCl solution.


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