scholarly journals Comparison of Estimators of Equity Return Standard Deviation Using Pitman Closeness Criterion and Control Charting Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chow Alan ◽  
Lahtinen Kyre Dane ◽  
Edwards Kelsey

AbstractMeasurement of dispersion and variation have been studied and evaluated in many applications. Volatility in the field of finance is an important measure as it directly impacts allocation, risk management, and valuation. Pitman Closeness criterion is used to compare estimators of standard deviation from equity returns in a control charting application. Three estimators are evaluated over the 30 DJIA component stocks in an effort to determine if one method of estimation has better performance within an application of control charting for identifying outliers. The study uses three sample sizes to also determine if the better estimator is sample size dependent.

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. eabf2946
Author(s):  
Louis du Plessis ◽  
John T. McCrone ◽  
Alexander E. Zarebski ◽  
Verity Hill ◽  
Christopher Ruis ◽  
...  

The UK’s COVID-19 epidemic during early 2020 was one of world’s largest and unusually well represented by virus genomic sampling. Here we reveal the fine-scale genetic lineage structure of this epidemic through analysis of 50,887 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, including 26,181 from the UK sampled throughout the country’s first wave of infection. Using large-scale phylogenetic analyses, combined with epidemiological and travel data, we quantify the size, spatio-temporal origins and persistence of genetically-distinct UK transmission lineages. Rapid fluctuations in virus importation rates resulted in >1000 lineages; those introduced prior to national lockdown tended to be larger and more dispersed. Lineage importation and regional lineage diversity declined after lockdown, while lineage elimination was size-dependent. We discuss the implications of our genetic perspective on transmission dynamics for COVID-19 epidemiology and control.


Author(s):  
Khalil Ur Rehman ◽  
Shahla Andleeb ◽  
Saleh Alfarraj ◽  
Sulaiman Ali Alharbi ◽  
Adeel Mahmood

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Buchheit

The first sport-science-oriented and comprehensive paper on magnitude-based inferences (MBI) was published 10 y ago in the first issue of this journal. While debate continues, MBI is today well established in sport science and in other fields, particularly clinical medicine, where practical/clinical significance often takes priority over statistical significance. In this commentary, some reasons why both academics and sport scientists should abandon null-hypothesis significance testing and embrace MBI are reviewed. Apparent limitations and future areas of research are also discussed. The following arguments are presented: P values and, in turn, study conclusions are sample-size dependent, irrespective of the size of the effect; significance does not inform on magnitude of effects, yet magnitude is what matters the most; MBI allows authors to be honest with their sample size and better acknowledge trivial effects; the examination of magnitudes per se helps provide better research questions; MBI can be applied to assess changes in individuals; MBI improves data visualization; and MBI is supported by spreadsheets freely available on the Internet. Finally, recommendations to define the smallest important effect and improve the presentation of standardized effects are presented.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-920
Author(s):  
Suqin Chen

Objectives: Through the reflection on the city’s response to the crisis in the process of tobacco control, a comprehensive and systematic public safety prevention and control system will be built to help cities cope with future risks and challenges. Methods: By using the methodological principle of the unity of subject and object and systematic research, this paper analyzes the problems from the three aspects of subject, object and means, and puts forward three important links of prevention, response and guarantee to construct a large urban public security system, and these three links support each other form a closed loop of risk prevention and control urban public security. Results: Under the background of tobacco control, it is feasible to a reliable whole-cycle management system for urban emergency response and accident rescue, a sound basic public safety guarantee system and a whole-society participation system. Conclusions: Due to the change of global climate conditions and the increase of flow people in the social environment, human beings will face a more complex living environment in the future and may encounter more extreme problems. It can be said that at present and even in the future, global urban public security risk management work is facing a grim situation. WHO research shows that smoking will increase the risk of new crown virus infection among smokers and their surrounding population.China is a big smoking country and in the stage of rapid urbanization. Many citiesare densely populated. Once there is an epidemic infection, the cities will face a severe public security situation. Smoking will not only have an adverse impact on personal health, but also the fires in factories, homes and forests caused by smoking.Since the Chinese government’s tobacco control in 2014, various accidents caused by smoking have caused great adverse effects.Smoking in public places has great hidden dangers of public safety, which leads us to think about the risk management of urban public safety.In the context of tobacco control, we should use scientific thinking and methods to construct a new pattern of urban public security risk management. Another important concept is to implement the risk management concept and the value of prevention first in the management of public affairs, so as to create a situation of risk sharing and coordinated response of the whole society.


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