Public Security Management in the Social Policy Domain

<span>Celem opracowania jest wskazanie na zakres podmiotowy oraz przedmiotowy zarządzania bezpieczeństwem publicznym, wskazanie na jego cele oraz mechanizmy służące jego zapewnianiu w obszarze polityki społecznej, określeniu i ocenie roli państwa w podjętym temacie, a także próba stworzenia prognozy odnoszącej się w zakresie podjętej analizy. Jest to istotne z punktu widzenia pozycji państwa na arenie międzynarodowej, a przede wszystkim zachowanie stabilności społecznej wewnątrz państwa. Realizowanie celów polityki społecznej w sposób zaplanowany i skuteczny przekłada się na stabilność państwa, dobrobyt społecznych oraz stwarza możliwości rozwoju gospodarczego. </span>

Fake news and copyright

As is known, new technologies have profoundly changed the way content is produced, shared and disseminated. One of the most recent (and worrying) changes is the phenomenon of ‘fake news’, especially since disinformation and intentional misrepresentation of real information have started to affect individual decision-making in the political sphere. It is a worrying phenomenon because the dissemination of fake news can challenge democratic values and undermine national security. Against this background, can copyright play a role in the fight against fake news? And what is the relationship between such news and copyright in the first place? Fake news in theory falls within copyright subject matter and may often meet the requirements for protection. The paper analyses three recent examples of fake news which have been widely disseminated online – and makes the point that copyright may subsist in such news. Yet, despite such content being potentially capable of attracting protection, we propose to remove any copyright which may arise on grounds of public interest. Indeed, when a work is protected by copyright, right holders have an incentive to exploit it, as the monopoly granted to them increases the ability to extract profits out of the work, for example via licensing. This may contribute to encouraging creators of fake news to spread such content across multiple channels to reach wide audiences. Excluding copyright could therefore help make fake news less appealing. A short reference will also be made to copyright defences which may be relied on by entities and individuals who check news’ accuracy (fact-checkers) – that is, the fair use doctrine under US law and several exceptions under EU (and UK) law, namely transient use, text and data mining, criticism and review and public security. * All authors contributed equally to this manuscript and are listed alphabetically.

Inter-sectorial network for assisting women in situations of violence: handicraft work built by the people

ABSTRACT Objectives: to discuss the meanings attributed by professionals to the construction of the service network for women in situations of violence. Methods: Convergent Care Research developed with the application of a convergence group with 32 participants from the health, social assistance, or public security sectors, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. The data was produced during ten meetings, based on the problematization methodology, and submitted to analysis of thematic content and interpreted with the referential of networks. Results: the construction of the network is an artisanal work carried out by people continuously, permeated by bonds, communication and partnerships between services and knowledge of work processes. Lashings require permanent movement. Final Considerations: building a network implies defining intertwining lines; form nodes that create cross-sector connections. There is a need to institutionalize processes through care continuity protocols, associated with an efficient communication system between sectors.

Challenges Related to the Increase of Religious Diversity in the Light of the Judicial Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights

European states responded in different ways to tensions related to the increase in religious diversity, and the restrictions introduced were considered appropriate when they resulted from public security and the need to protect others, especially if the state presented a credible justification. On this occasion, the case-law of the ECHR developed two key concepts for the determination of the presence of religious symbols in public places: a powerful external symbol and an essentially passive symbol. An important achievement of the Tribunal is also the introduction of the concept of “improper proselytism.” Certainly, a further increase in religious diversity in Europe may lead to new areas of controversy, which will then be assessed by the ECHR. However, the existing instruments used by the Court, such as the idea of the Convention as a living document, the theory of the margin of appreciation or the analysis of the existence of the European consensus, enable it to develop its interpretation in this regard.

No Country for Muslims? The Invention of an Islam Républicain in France and Its Impact on French Muslims

Since the beheading of the French teacher Samuel Paty on 16 October 2020, the call for a fight against the so-called ‘Political Islam’ has been heard once again, not only in France, but all over Europe (EU). The politicization of Islam is held to be responsible for the increasing attacks by radical Islamic actors within European metropoles, and the EU states’ call for action and revenge in response to this ideology and its adherents, in order to guarantee public security and democratic values. Starting from the major terrorist attacks in France in the last few years, this paper seeks to compare the interlinking between domestic policy and religious radicalization and its impact on neighboring states. With regard to the attacks on 13 November 2015 in France, the attackers were traced back to radical networks in Belgium and Germany. Based on selected interviews that have been conducted by the author with female adherents of jihadist milieus within the years 2015 and 2016 in France and social media examples of Muslim reactions on the current French law enforcement, the tension between domestic policy and religious freedom related to Islam in France will be highlighted in this article. Among other reasons, the interview quotations and social media reactions can be seen as a result of a specific religious understanding and practice related to Islam by some actors. In addition, the ongoing othering of Muslims by France and other European societies can be seen to be in sum to be responsible for the increasing interest of young Muslims in radical Islamic thought that led to jihadist attacks within France in the not-so-distant past. With respect to the aforementioned development, this article will conceptualize the problematique of a (politically motivated) category formation related to one religion that is currently practiced in France, as seen from the perspective of a religious studies scholar.

National Security Concerns as an Exception to EU Standards on Data Protection

Discussions on the appropriate fundamental rights standards in the EU and the need to take into account conflicting interests are increasingly being reframed as debates on the conflict between the primacy of EU law and the constitutional standards of the Member States. One example of this reframing is the French administrative supreme court’s decision following the ECJ judgment in La Quadrature du Net. The Conseil ruled that the EU standards set in that judgment must be reviewed, at the national level, with regard to a national understanding of security concerns and the requirements of the fight against terrorism. Thus, constitutional requirements related to public security may be relied upon to argue for a lower standard of protection of personal data than those which the ECJ requires. As this decision shows, the ability of corporations and Governments to rely on litigation before national courts to challenge the standard of protection set at the EU level creates a significant risk, not only for the uniformity of EU law, but also for the protection of the rights of individuals.

Application of Image Denoising Method Based on Two-Way Coupling Diffusion Equation in Public Security Forensics

This paper uses the web live broadcast and on-demand platform based on the B/S architecture as the application side and designs a video image forensic system that can meet multiple police types and multiple application scenarios. The system uses mobile phones as the video image capture terminal to solve the problem of rapid response and concealment and uses 5G communication technology as the transmission medium to solve the problem of device mobility and link maintenance. The problem of diversification of the use and application modes of multiple police types is solved; the video image evidence is managed in a centralized storage, audit, and export method, and the security and authenticity of the evidence are solved. While the system realizes a series of functions such as the collection, transmission, storage, and application of video image evidence, it also realizes the application-side video image live broadcast function according to actual work needs and solves the large-scale case command and decision-making problem that has been plagued by public security organs. In order to remove the noise in the public security forensic images and to smooth the noise while retaining the details of the image, this paper proposes a denoising algorithm based on the two-way coupling diffusion equation. By improving the second-order partial differential equation, a new diffusion function with better diffusion effect than the original model is constructed. We combined the adaptive edge threshold and stop criterion to establish a new denoising algorithm model, which can get better denoising results. When the noise level is low, the PSNR value and SSIM value of several denoising methods are relatively ideal, and the result is at a higher level, the denoising picture effect is better, and there is no obvious incomplete noise removal or detail problems. As the noise level increases, the denoising results will gradually decrease, and the effects will also vary to different degrees. When the noise intensity increases, visually, it can be clearly seen that the two-way coupled diffusion equation and DnCNN have better denoising effects. When the noise level is high, the two-way coupled diffusion equation network is used to use the clear image and the denoised image for indistinguishable calculation. The method in this paper almost retains all the texture details in the clear image, and there are almost no artifacts and images. On the other hand, the color of the image after denoising by the method in this paper is more vivid, and it is closer to the target picture in terms of picture definition and tone, the denoising effect is ideal, and the generated image has a higher degree of restoration. Compared with the residual GAN, the two-way coupling diffusion equation network converges faster and the network performance is improved.

Attitude of Individuals First Entering Labour Market to the Implementation of Equality of Treatment Principle in Labour Relations

By invoking scientific doctrine, legal regulations and official statistics, the paper aims at assessing the actual position of females and males in labour relations in Lithuania as well as identifying the problems of the legal regulation of gender equality. The survey conducted among MRU Public Security Academy students was dedicated to disclosing the perceptions of individuals first entering the labour market about (in)equality in labour relations and experiences in the course of professional practice. To attain these objectives, certain goals were set: analysis of multiple layers of the concept of equality, legal regulation of the principle of gender equality and its inclusion in labour relations and statutory service. Furthermore, the present paper considered various trends and patterns in the implementation of the gender equality principle in labour relations, based on the analysis of the data of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. Empirical research was carried out to assess the experience of students who had their professional practice in police headquarters in terms of gender inequality. Based on the performed survey that involved the students of MRU Public Security Academy, it should be concluded that the majority of students did not understand the different behaviours that could violate an individual’s rights in terms of the equality of men and women. When responding to certain questions, the majority of respondents indicated that gender inequality in Lithuania existed only to the extent it occurred naturally; however, when responding to other questions, the majority stated that there were numerous situations during their practice when they experienced discrimination (i.e. preferential treatment of one of the genders, abuse due to gender etc.). This can lead to the conclusion that violations of gender equality committed on certain grounds are perceived as a natural phenomenon resulting from natural differences between the sexes and because of this, certain flawed behaviour is justified. This results in fewer opportunities for individuals to report violations to responsible institutions and thus ensure the protection of their rights as well as to share their experiences with other individuals and, as a result, educate them.