scholarly journals Fine root standing stock and production in young beech and spruce stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohdan Konôpka ◽  
Jozef Pajtík ◽  
Miriam Maľová
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Fine Root Turnover

AbstractFine roots (defined by a maximum diameter of 2 mm) and assimilatory organs are the compartments which rotate carbon much faster than any other tree part. We focused on quantification of fine roots in young European beech and Norway spruce trees growing under the same ecological conditions. Standing stock of fine roots was estimated by soil coring during 2009 - 2012. Fine root production was established by the in-growth bag method. Standing stock and productions of fine roots were comparable in both tree species. The quantity of fine root biomass (at a soil depth of 0 -50 cm) varied inter-annually between 6.08 and 7.41 t per ha in the beech and from 5.10 to 6.49 t per ha in the spruce stand. Annual production of fine roots (soil depth of 0 - 30 cm) was between 1.11 and 1.63 t ha-1 in beech and between 0.95 and 1.54 t.ha-1 in spruce. We found that fine root standing stock at the beginning of each growing season was related to climatic conditions in the previous year. Annual fine root production was influenced by the climatic situation of the current year. In general, a maximum standing stock of fine roots as well as a relatively slow fine root turnover is expected in young forest stands. Whereas production of fine roots prevailed over mortality in a favorable year (sufficiency of precipitations and slightly above-average temperatures in 2010), there was a reverse situation in an unfavorable year (drought episodes in 2011). We concluded that although both forest types represented contrasting turnovers of assimilatory organs (once a year and once in 5 years in beech and spruce respectively), fine root turnover rates were very similar (approx. once per four years).

CARBON AND NUTRIENT CYCLING THROUGH FINE ROOTS IN RUBBER (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS) PLANTATIONS IN INDIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. JESSY ◽  
P. PRASANNAKUMARI ◽  
JOSHUA ABRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Turnover ◽  
Rubber Plantations

SUMMARYUnderstanding the growth dynamics of fine roots and their contribution to soil organic carbon and nutrient pools is crucial for estimating ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling and how these are influenced by climate change. Rubber is cultivated in more than 10 million hectare globally and the area under rubber cultivation is fast expanding due to socio-economic reasons, apart from the importance given to this species for eco-restoration of degraded lands. An experiment was conducted to quantify fine root production, fine root turnover and carbon and nutrient cycling through fine roots in rubber plantations with different soil nutrient status and rainfall pattern. Fine root production was estimated by sequential coring and ingrowth core methods. Fine root decomposition was determined by the litter bag technique. Carbon and nutrient contents in fine roots were determined and their turnover was computed. Fine root biomass in the top 0–7.5-cm soil layer showed significant seasonal fluctuation and the fluctuations were particularly wide during the transition period from the dry season to the rainy season. Fine root production estimated by the different methods was significantly higher at the lower fertility site and during the higher soil moisture stress year. Fine root turnover ranged from 1.04 to 2.29 year−1. Root carbon and nutrient status showed seasonal variation and lower status was observed during the rainy season. The annual recycling of C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg through fine roots ranged from 590 to 1758, 30 to 85, 3 to 12, 13 to 31, 11 to 35 and 6 to 13 kg ha−1, respectively. Substantial quantities of carbon and nutrients were recycled annually in rubber plantations through fine roots. When soil moisture and nutrient stress were more severe, fine root production, turnover and carbon and nutrient recycling through fine roots were higher.

Contributions of fine root production and turnover to the carbon and nitrogen cycling in taiga forests of the Alaskan interior

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1326-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Ruess ◽  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
J. Yarie ◽  
L.A. Viereck
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Fine Root Turnover ◽  
Taiga Forests

Fine root production and turnover were studied in hardwood and coniferous taiga forests using three methods. (1) Using soil cores, fine root production ranged from 1574 ± 76 kg•ha−1•year−1 in the upland white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) stand to 4386 ± 322 kg•ha−1•year−1 in the floodplain balsam poplar (Populusbalsamifera L.) stand, accounting for 49% of total production for coniferous stands and 32% of total production for deciduous stands. Fine root turnover rates were higher in floodplain (0.90 ± 0.06 year−1) stands than in upland (0.42 ± 0.10 year−1) stands. Across all sites, the ratio of fine root turnover to litter fall averaged 2.2 for biomass and 2.8 for N. Both values were higher in floodplain stands than in upland stands, and in coniferous stands than in deciduous stands. (2) The C budget method showed that C allocation to fine roots varied from 150 to 425 g C•m−2•year−1 and suggested that soil respiration was more dependent on C derived from roots than from aboveground inputs. The C allocation ratio (C to roots: C to litter fall) was inversely correlated with litter-fall C and varied from 0.3 to 69.5; there was a tendency for higher proportional belowground allocation in coniferous stands than in deciduous stands and the highest levels were at the earliest successional sites. (3) Estimates of apparent N uptake (Nu), N allocation to fine roots, and fine root production based on N budget calculations showed that annual aboveground N increments exceeded Nu estimates at half the sites, indicating that the method failed to account for large amounts of N acquired by plants. This suggests that plant and (or) mycorrhizal uptake of soil organic N may be more significant to ecosystem N cycling than mineral N turnover by the soil microbial biomass.

scholarly journals Biomass Allocation to Resource Acquisition Compartments Is Affected by Tree Density Manipulation in European Beech after Three Decades

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Bohdan Konôpka ◽  
Milan Barna ◽  
Michal Bosela ◽  
Martin Lukac
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
Mature Forest

This study reports on an investigation of fine root and foliage productivity in forest stands dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and exposed to contrasting intensities of mature forest harvesting. The main aim of this study was to consider the long-term effects of canopy manipulation on resource acquisition biomass compartments in beech. We made use of an experiment established in 1989, when five different light availability treatments were started in plots within a uniform forest stand, ranging from no reduction in tree density to full mature forest removal. We measured fine root standing stock in the 0–30 cm soil layer by coring in 2013 and then followed annual fine root production (in-growth cores) and foliage production (litter baskets) in 2013–2015. We found that the plot where the tree density was reduced by 30% had the lowest foliage and the highest fine root production. In 2013, this plot had the highest fine root turnover rate (0.8 year−1), while this indicator of fine root dynamics was much lower in the other four treatments (around 0.3 year−1). We also found that the annual fine root production represented around two thirds of annual foliage growth on the mass basis in all treatments. While our findings support the maintenance of source and sink balance in woody plants, we also found a long-lasting effect of tree density manipulation on investment into resource acquisition compartments in beech forests.

scholarly journals Dwarfing Effect of Apple Rootstocks Is Intimately Associated with Low Number of Fine Roots

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haishan An ◽  
Feixiong Luo ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Xuefeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
The Impact

Fine root (≤2 mm in diameter) systems play a pivotal role in water and mineral uptake in higher plants. However, the impact of fine root architecture on tree growth and development is not fully understood, especially in apple trees. Here, we summarize a 6-year-trial study using minirhizotrons to investigate the relationships between fine root production, mortality, and longevity in ‘Red Fuji’ trees grafted on five different rootstocks/interstems. Based on root length density (RLD), fine root production and mortality were markedly lower in ‘Red Fuji’ trees growing on dwarfing M.9 (M.9) and Shao series no. 40 (SH.40) rootstocks than in trees on standard Malus robusta ‘Baleng Crab’ (BC) rootstock. The use of M.9 and SH.40 as interstems led to an extensive reduction in fine root production and mortality in comparison with BC rootstock. Root number density (RND), but not average root length (ARL), showed similar patterns to RLD. About one-half of fine roots in ‘Red Fuji’ tree growing on M.9 were scattered within the top 0–20 cm of topsoil, indicating shallow root system in M.9, whereas in trees on BC, 55.15% of fine roots were distributed between 100- and 150-cm soil depth, indicating a deep root architecture. The addition of interstems did not alter fine root soil-depth distribution. For all rootstocks/interstems, fine roots with a life span of less than 80 days were generated in spring and summer, but fine roots which lived for more than 81 days were produced almost all the year round. In conclusion, lower fine root numbers were associated with the dwarfing effect in dwarfing rootstocks/interstems, but ARL and shallower rooting were not.

Growth, decay, and turnover rates of fine roots of basket willows

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose-Marie Rytter ◽  
Lars Rytter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Fine Root Turnover ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of the present study was to calculate fine-root turnover rates in stands of basket willow (Salix viminalis L.). Fine-root number was recorded in minirhizotrons in two adjacent short-rotation forest stands. Stand A was a regularly spaced plantation on clay soil. Stand B contained lysimeters, which were inserted in the soil and filled with either clay soil or washed sand. Both stands were irrigated and fertilized daily, to provide near-optimum conditions with respect to water and nutrient availability. The calculations were based on morphological studies and observations in minirhizotrons. Mean fine-root ages of growth and decay phases were calculated from third-order polynomials, and by summing up those phases and adding a short stationary phase, turnover time was obtained. Calculated fine-root turnover rates were 4.9–5.8 year–1 in the plantation and 4.8–8.1 year–1 in the lysimeters. No significant difference in turnover rates was detected between clay and sand substrates. Soil temperature had a significant effect on the decay phase, and in the calculations the data were weighted by soil temperature intervals. The importance of observing fine roots throughout the year is stressed.

scholarly journals Fine-root turnover rates of European forests revisited: an analysis of data from sequential coring and ingrowth cores

2012 ◽  
Vol 362 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 357-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Brunner ◽  
M. R. Bakker ◽  
R. G. Björk ◽  
Y. Hirano ◽  
M. Lukac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Ingrowth Cores ◽  
European Forests ◽  
Fine Root Turnover ◽  
Sequential Coring

scholarly journals Effect of Altitude on Nutrient Concentration, Nutrient Stock and Uptake in Fine Root of Sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn.) Forest in Terai and Hill Areas of Eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tej Narayan Mandal ◽  
Tilak Prasad Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Nutrient Stock ◽  
Sal Forest

The present study was conducted to understand the effect of altitude on the nutrient concentration, nutrient stock, and uptake in the fine root of the Terai Sal forest (TSF) and Hill Sal forest (HSF) in eastern Nepal. Annual mean fine root biomass in 0-30 cm soil depth was found higher in HSF (6.27 Mg ha-1) than TSF (5.05 Mg ha-1). Conversely, fine root production was higher in TSF (4.8 Mg ha-1 y-1) than HSF (4.12 Mg ha-1 y-1). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in fine roots were slightly higher in TSF than HSF. Nutrient concentration in fine roots of smaller size (<2 mm diameter) was nearly 1.2 times greater than that of larger size (2–5 mm diameter) in both forests. In HSF total stock of different nutrients (kg ha-1) in fine root was 55.62 N, 4.99 P, and 20.15 K whereas, these values were 49.49 N, 4.14 P, and 19.27 K only in TSF. However, total nutrient uptake (kg ha-1y-1) by fine root (both size classes) was greater in TSF (48.5 N, 4.3 P, and 18.6 K) than HSF (36.9 N, 3.3 P, and 13.5 K). The variability in fine root nutrient dynamics between these two forests was explained by the differences in fine root biomass and production which were influenced by the combined effect of varied altitude and season. The fine root, as being a greater source of organic matter, the information on its nutrient dynamics is inevitable for the management of soil nutrients in the forest ecosystem.

Organic matter dynamics of fine roots in plantations of slash pine (Pinuselliottii) in north Florida

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry L. Gholz ◽  
Laurel C. Hendry ◽  
Wendell P. Cropper Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Turnover Rates

Seasonal patterns of live, dead, and unknown viability fine (diameter, ≤10 mm) roots of pine and other vegetation in a young and old slash pine stand were sampled using monthly soil coring over a 24-month period. A distinct unimodal pattern for roots <1 mm in diameter in the surface soil was observed. Live roots increased in the spring to a peak in midsummer and then declined. Larger roots and roots deeper in the soil showed less distinct seasonal patterns, although maximum and minimum annual biomass values were sometimes significantly different. Decomposition of fine roots in buried mesh bags averaged 15–20% per year for roots <5 mm in diameter. An analysis of seasonal dynamics and decompositon rates were combined to construct organic matter budgets for the forest floor and soil. Estimated net root production for roots ≤10 mm in diameter was 590 and 626 g m−2 year−1 in the young and old stand, respectively. Root turnover contributed 214 and 452 g m−2 year−1 to detrital pools on the two sites, with the balance of production accumulating as standing root biomass or lost in decomposition. Root production and turnover rates decreased with increasing root diameter; most production was from roots <1 mm. Pine root production was greater and nonpine production was less in the older stand than in the younger stand. Compared with other temperate and boreal forests, root biomass was high and net root production relatively low. The low production:biomass ratio may be characteristic of low latitude (warm) and (or) low nutrient forest types.

Fine root production along a 40-year chronosequence of restored mangroves in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Arnaud ◽  
Paul J. Morris ◽  
Andy J. Baird ◽  
Thuong Huyen Dang ◽  
Tai Tue Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Production ◽  
Belowground Carbon ◽  
Belowground Carbon Dynamics

&lt;p&gt;Mangroves are hotspots of carbon sequestration, providing ecosystem services worth US$194 000 per hectare per year. In response to widespread mangrove losses, reforestation projects have been promoted. Monitoring and assessment of those projects have mainly focused on aboveground carbon stocks, but most of the carbon is found underground (as soil carbon and roots) and little is known about belowground carbon dynamics in mangroves. In particular, it is unknown how fine root production develops during the period following reforestation. A better understanding of fine root production is important, since fine root production is a major driver of soil organic matter accumulation, which allows mangroves to occupy vertical accommodation space to withstand sea-level rise. Using minirhizotrons, we characterised the variation of fine root production along a chronosequence of mangroves in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam replanted in 1978, 1986 and 1991. We found that fine root production declines with: i) mangrove age, as a result of the self-thinning processes associated with mangrove ageing; and ii) soil depth, likely due to a vertical gradient in soil nutrient availability. Our findings have important implications for understanding belowground carbon dynamics, and highlight the need to account for mangrove age when forecasting mangrove carbon dynamics and resistance to sea-level rise.&lt;/p&gt;

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