scholarly journals Problem pomocy dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 310-323
Author(s):  
Janina Pach ◽  
Mieczysława Solińska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
State Aid ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Common ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Investment Capacity ◽  
Crucial Condition

Small and medium enterprises (SME) play an important role both in Poland and other countries of the European Union. Their contribution both as a percentage of the total number of enterprises, in general employment and in the production of particular products and gross domestic product confirms their importance for economy.The role of SME in Poland would be greater if the indicator of their activity (which is now below 50%) was higher, and the sustainability of SME’s was improved. Moreover, the crucial condition for enlargement of SME’s importance is the improvement of their investment capacity and increasing expenditure on research and development in this sector. About 50% of entrepreneurs fail to make any investments and do not conduct any research that determine national and international competitiveness. There are many reason for this situation, especially financial limitations, which can be supplemented by state aid. However, there are some restrictions on supporting SME’s by government as a result of the Common European Competition Policy. One of its basic rules is prohibition of state aid that deforms and limits competition, which is a base of economic development. In this situation state aid is allowed only on condition that its implementation does not restrict competition. The size and type, conditions and circumstances of state aid and its duration are precisely stipulated by the regulations.

The Right to Healthcare in the Common European Asylum System

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Marco Inglese
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Common European Asylum System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Interpretative Approach ◽  
The Right

Abstract This article seeks to ascertain the role of healthcare in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The article is structured as follows. First, it outlines the international conceptualisation of healthcare in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the European Social Charter (ESC) before delving into the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Second, focusing on the European Union (EU), it analyses the role of Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) in order to verify its impact on the development of the CEAS. Third, and in conclusion, it will argue that the identification of the role of healthcare in the CEAS should be understood in light of the Charter’s scope of application. This interpretative approach will be beneficial for asylum seekers and undocumented migrants, as well as for the Member States (MSs).

Part IV Procedures before the Commission, 3 Recovery of Unlawful Aid and the Role of National Courts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Common Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Courts ◽  
The Common ◽  
State Aids

This chapter examines the recovery of unlawful and incompatible State aids, which is one of the cornerstones of free and undistorted competition in the European Union. The repayment of an aid declared unlawful and incompatible with the common market is of utmost importance, as it eliminates the distortion of competition caused by the competitive advantage afforded by the contested aid. In other words, by repaying an unlawful aid, the recipient forfeits the advantage it had enjoyed over its competitors on the market and therefore the previously existing situation is restored; it is common ground in this respect that this objective is attained once the aid in question—increased, where appropriate, by default interests—has been repaid by the recipient.

Part V Judicial Review before the Court of Justice of the European Union, 3 Decentralized Judicial Review and Enforcement of EU State Aid Rules

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Common

This chapter assesses the enforcement of EU State aid rules. The Commission is not the only authority involved in the monitoring of State aid. As regards the supervision of Member States' compliance with their obligations under Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, the national courts also have an important role to play. The implementation of that system of control is a matter for both the Commission and the national courts, their respective roles being complementary but separate. Whilst assessment of the compatibility of aid measures with the common market falls within the exclusive competence of the Commission, subject to review by the Courts of the European Union, it is for national courts to ensure the safeguarding, until the final decision of the Commission, of the rights of individuals faced with a possible breach by State authorities of the prohibition laid down by Article 108(3) TFEU.

5. Key Policies

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-122
Author(s):  
John Peterson ◽  
Alberta Sbragia
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Common ◽  
Policy Types

This chapter examines some of the most important areas of policy-making in the European Union. It first explains how EU policy-making differs from national policy-making before discussing the most important policies aimed at building the internal market and limiting its potentially negative impact on individuals, society, and the environment. The EU’s ‘market-building’ policies include competition policy, trade policy, and the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), while ‘market-correcting’ and ‘cushioning’ policies include the common agricultural policy, the cohesion policy, and environmental and social regulation. The chapter shows how these policies are made and also why and how they matter. It also compares policy types in the EU.

scholarly journals Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy in European SMEs: Investigating the Role of Green Jobs and Skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12136
Author(s):  
Francesca Bassi ◽  
Mariangela Guidolin
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Green Jobs ◽  
Multilevel Latent Class Model ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This study explored the size and potential of green employment for circular economy (CE) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union, and investigated the role of green jobs and skills for the implementation of CE practices. The data were collected in a Eurobarometer survey, and refer to resource efficiency, green markets, and CE procedures. Lack of environmental expertise is one of the factors that might be perceived as an obstacle when trying to implement resource-efficiency actions. Previous research has shown that, although resource-efficiency practices are adopted by firms in all European countries, there are differences both within and between countries. The analysis of the determinants of green behavior by European SMEs was completed by a study of heterogeneity across firms and within countries with a multilevel latent class model, a hierarchical clustering method. A general important observation is that having no workers dedicated to green jobs is strongly correlated to the probability of adopting resource-efficiency practices, while perceiving the need of extra environmental skills has a positive effect on the intention to implement actions in the future. Other characteristics of the firms play a significant impact on resource efficiency: in general, older and bigger firms, with larger yearly turnover, are more prone to implement actions.

scholarly journals Effect of the Common Agricultural Policy on Agriculture and the Increasing Role of Nongovernmental Organisations

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristaps Zdanovskis ◽  
Irina Pilvere
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Common ◽  
Farmer Organisations

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has considerably contributed to changes in the rural environment of Latvia after its accession to the European Union (EU). The accession provided new opportunities and considerable financial support for agriculture, yet the competition of farms under the conditions determined by the CAP has changed the composition of final agricultural output in Latvia. As the number of EU Member States increased and the CAP became more complicated, an increasing role in defending the interests of farmers is played by farmer organisations.

scholarly journals Role of the Philosophy of Law in the process of unifying the legal systems of the members of the European Union in the context of the Common Framework of Reference Project v

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (68) ◽  
pp. 463-475
Author(s):  
Fursa Svitlana Yaroslavivna ◽  
Kukhniuk Dmitriy Vladimirovich ◽  
Bondar Iryna Vadymivna ◽  
Maliarchuk Liubov Sergiivna ◽  
Derii Olena Olexsandrivna
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
The Common

The study discusses the role of the philosophy of law in the process of unifying legal systems through the prism of the principles of the Draft Common Framework of Reference in Europe. The application of the philosophy of law in unification processes is also a necessary condition for the implementation of these processes about human rights and the sovereign interests of the State, which implements the unification of the legal order. Hence, the issue of European integration determines the strategic direction of the state, and this leads to the unification of law. The study aims to identify the role of the philosophy of law in the processes of unifying the legal systems of the European Union and its importance in the use of principles in these processes, justifying the need to use the philosophy of law in any process of transformation. It is concluded that the philosophy of law is a bridge harmonized with the legal sphere of operation of both individual states and supranational associations.

Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Value Creation in Support of Smart, Sustainable, and Inclusive Growth in the European Union

2017 ◽  
pp. 268-292
Author(s):  
Julia S. Stefanova ◽  
Zachary Wenner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Medium Enterprises

In 2010, the European Union codified “Smart, Sustainable, and Inclusive Growth” (SSIG) as part of the Europe 2020 Strategy. Introduced in the context of the global financial crisis, SSIG seeks to restore economic resiliency and foster a more equitable, innovative and environmentally sustainable European economy. The research evaluates the processes of entrepreneurship through which small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute to SSIG, including through “innovation-driven entrepreneurship,” “sustainable entrepreneurship” and “social entrepreneurship.” The research additionally assesses the creation of an enabling regulatory and fiscal environment for these modes of value creation, their associated socio-economic outcomes and their monitoring and evaluation practices.

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