Olfactory Bulb Volume in Patients with Sinonasal Disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rombaux ◽  
Helene Potier ◽  
Bernard Bertrand ◽  
Thierry Duprez ◽  
Thomas Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Endoscopic Evaluation ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
Sinonasal Disease

Background The aim of this study was to assess the volume of the olfactory bulb (OB) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (without nasal polyposis at the endoscopic evaluation) and to evaluate the correlation between this measure and the degree of sinonasal inflammation. Methods Patients with sinonasal disease (SND; n = 22) were compared with healthy controls (n = 16) using orthonasal and retronasal olfactory test results and OB volumes measurement calculated by planimetric manual contouring using standardized methods. The Lund-Mackay score (originally described for CT scan) was also used to gauge sinonasal inflammation (SND score). Results The two groups were not significantly different in terms of age or distribution of sex. Patients had significantly higher right- and left-sided SND scores than controls. There was no significant group difference between patients and controls with regard to OB volume. However, patients with an SND score ≥12 had larger OB volumes than patients with higher SND scores (p < 0.001). Even when controlling for the subjects’ age, a significant correlation was present between OB volume and SND score (r =-0.52; p = 0.001) with smaller OB volumes being associated with a higher degree of sinonasal pathology. Conclusion OB volume correlated with the SND score, which is an indicator of the degree of sinonasal inflammation. SND patients with a slight decrease or even normal olfactory function may already exhibit changes in their OB volume. This study also seems to emphasize the idea that OB volume changes are more sensitive to subtle changes in the olfactory system than results from psychophysical testing.

scholarly journals Radiological Markers of the Olfactory Cleft: Relations to Unilateral Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfactory Function

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 989
Author(s):  
David T. Liu ◽  
Ursula Schwarz-Nemec ◽  
Bertold Renner ◽  
Christian A. Mueller ◽  
Gerold Besser
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Olfactory Cleft ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Air Volume ◽  
Function Correlation ◽  
Retronasal Olfaction

The opacification of the olfactory cleft (OC) has been associated with birhinal orthonasal olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study was to determine the associations between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfaction with radiological markers of the OC in a cohort of patients with CRS. Results were analyzed in a CRS-cohort including 13 patients with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 12 patients with non-eosinophilic CRS (non-eCRS). Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfactory function, and OC-air volume were higher in non-eCRS compared CRSwNP. OC-opacification was also higher in CRSwNP compared to non-eCRS. In the entire CRS-cohort, those with higher OC-opacification showed significantly lower orthonasal and retronasal olfactory test results compared to those with lower OC-opacification across all three coronal planes. Similarly, higher unilateral OC-opacification was also associated with lower ipsilateral orthonasal olfactory function. Correlation analysis further revealed a positive correlation between monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal olfaction with ipsilateral and overall OC-air volume. Likewise, birhinal and monorhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory test results correlated negatively with the overall and ipsilateral Lund-Mackay scores. Monorhinal and birhinal orthonasal, and retronasal olfactory function were lower in CRS patients with higher ipsilateral and overall OC-opacification compared to those with lower OC-opacification.

Behavioral and electrophysiological indices of inhibitory control in maltreated adolescents and nonmaltreated adolescents

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Bruce ◽  
Hyoun K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Child Welfare System ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Adverse Experiences

Abstract Early adverse experiences are believed to have a profound effect on inhibitory control and the underlying neural regions. In the current study, behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were collected during a go/no-go task from adolescents who were involved with the child welfare system due to child maltreatment (n = 129) and low-income, nonmaltreated adolescents (n = 102). The nonmaltreated adolescents were more accurate than the maltreated adolescents on the go/no-go task, particularly on the no-go trials. Paralleling the results with typically developing populations, the nonmaltreated adolescents displayed a more pronounced amplitude of the N2 during the no-go trials than during the go trials. However, the maltreated adolescents demonstrated a more pronounced amplitude of the N2 during the go trials than during the no-go trials. Furthermore, while the groups did not differ during the go trials, the nonmaltreated adolescents displayed a more negative amplitude of the N2 than the maltreated adolescents during no-go trials. In contrast, there was not a significant group difference in amplitude of the P3. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the early adverse experiences encountered by maltreated populations impact inhibitory control and the underlying neural activity in early adolescence.

scholarly journals Testing olfactory dysfunction in acute and recovered COVID-19 patients: a single center study in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo Pasquini ◽  
Carlo Maremmani ◽  
Stefano Salvadori ◽  
Vincenzo Silani ◽  
Nicola Ticozzi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Illness ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
Positive Antibody ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
High Level ◽  
Acute Patients

Abstract Background Olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common during acute illness and appears to last longer than other symptoms. The aim of this study was to objectively investigate olfactory dysfunction in two cohorts of patients at two different stages: during acute illness and after a median recovery of 4 months. Methods Twenty-five acutely ill patients and 26 recovered subjects were investigated. Acute patients had a molecular diagnosis of COVID-19; recovered subjects had a positive antibody assay and a negative molecular test. A 33-item psychophysical olfactory identification test tailored for the Italian population was performed. Results Median time from symptoms onset to olfactory test was 33 days in acute patients and 122 days in recovered subjects. The former scored a significantly higher number of errors at psychophysical testing (median [IQR]: 8 [13] vs 3 [2], p < 0.001) and were more frequently hyposmic (64% vs 19%, p = 0.002). Recovered subjects reported a variable time to subjective olfactory recovery, from days up to 4 months. Participants included in the study reported no significant nasal symptoms at olfactory testing. Among recovered subject who reported olfactory loss during acute COVID-19, four (27%) were still hyposmic. Demographic and clinical characteristics did not show significant associations with olfactory dysfunction. Conclusion Moderate-to-severe hospitalized patients showed a high level and frequency of olfactory dysfunction compared to recovered subjects. In the latter group, subjects who reported persisting olfactory dysfunction showed abnormal scores on psychophysical testing, indicating that, at least in some subjects, persistent hyposmia may represent a long-term sequela of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Food Addiction Explanation Model for Weight Control and Obesity on Weight Stigma

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry S. O’Brien ◽  
Rebecca M. Puhl ◽  
Janet D. Latner ◽  
Dermot Lynott ◽  
Jessica D. Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Food Addiction ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Weight Stigma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Diet And Exercise ◽  
And Control

There is increasing scientific and public support for the notion that some foods may be addictive, and that poor weight control and obesity may, for some people, stem from having a food addiction. However, it remains unclear how a food addiction model (FAM) explanation for obesity and weight control will affect weight stigma. In two experiments (N = 530 and N = 690), we tested the effect of a food addiction explanation for obesity and weight control on weight stigma. In Experiment 1, participants who received a FAM explanation for weight control and obesity reported lower weight stigma scores (e.g., less dislike of ‘fat people’, and lower personal willpower blame) than those receiving an explanation emphasizing diet and exercise (F(4,525) = 7.675, p = 0.006; and F(4,525) = 5.393, p = 0.021, respectively). In Experiment 2, there was a significant group difference for the dislike of ‘fat people’ stigma measure (F(5,684) = 5.157, p = 0.006), but not for personal willpower weight stigma (F(5,684) = 0.217, p = 0.81). Participants receiving the diet and exercise explanation had greater dislike of ‘fat people’ than those in the FAM explanation and control group (p values < 0.05), with no difference between the FAM and control groups (p > 0.05). The FAM explanation for weight control and obesity did not increase weight stigma and resulted in lower stigma than the diet and exercise explanation that attributes obesity to personal control. The results highlight the importance of health messaging about the causes of obesity and the need for communications that do not exacerbate weight stigma.

scholarly journals The Effect of Gastric Helicobacter pylori Colonization on Nasal Functions

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 346-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tolgar Lütfi Kumral ◽  
Yasemin Gökden ◽  
Ziya Saltürk ◽  
Güler Berkiten ◽  
Güven Yıldırım ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Reflux Symptom Index ◽  
Symptom Index ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Sinonasal Outcome Test ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Nasal Function ◽  
Snot 22

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of gastric Helicobacter pylori colonization on nasal functions. The study enrolled patients (n = 100) who underwent endoscopy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) were identified by Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Finding Score (RFS). Patients were divided into 2 groups: LPR (+) (n = 64) H pylori (+), RSI > 13, RFS > 7; LPR (−) (n = 36) H pylori (+), RSI < 13, RFS < 7. Visual analog scale (VAS), sinonasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), peak nasal inspiratory flowmeter (PNIF), mucociliary clearance (MCC), and olfactory tests were used to evaluate the nasal functions. The average VAS for nasal obstruction, PNIF, and MCC did not differ significantly between the LPR (+) and LPR (−) groups ( P > .05). However, the average olfactory test scores were lower in the LPR (+) patients than the LPR (−) patients ( P < .05). Also, the SNOT-22 scores were significantly higher in LPR (+) patients than in LPR (−) ( P < .01). Nasal functions and symptom scores were also evaluated according to the H pylori grading. The PNIF, MCC, SNOT-22, and olfactory test results deteriorated as the gastric mucosal H pylori colonization increased ( P < .05). In conclusion, nasal functions differed between LPR disease and GERD only, while the density of H pylori colonization in the gastric mucosa had an effect on nasal function.

scholarly journals Auditory Temporal Order Discrimination and Backward Recognition Masking in Adults With Dyslexia

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1352-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne M. Griffiths ◽  
Nicholas I. Hill ◽  
Peter J. Bailey ◽  
Margaret J. Snowling
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Short Isis ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Auditory Tasks ◽  
And Control

The ability of 20 adult dyslexic readers to extract frequency information from successive tone pairs was compared with that of IQ-matched controls using temporal order discrimination and auditory backward recognition masking (ABRM) tasks. In both paradigms, the interstimulus interval (ISI) between tones in a pair was either short (20 ms) or long (200 ms). Temporal order discrimination was better for both groups of listeners at long than at short ISIs, but no group differences in performance were observed at either ISI. Performance on the ABRM task was also better at long than at short ISIs and was influenced by variability in masker frequency and by the spectral proximity of target and masker. The only significant group difference was found in one condition of the ABRM task when the target-masker interval was 200 ms, but this difference was not reliable when the measure was of optimal performance. Moderate correlations were observed between auditory thresholds and phonological skill for the sample as a whole and within the dyslexic and control groups. However, although a small subgroup of dyslexic listeners with poor phonology was characterized by elevated thresholds across the auditory tasks, evidence for an association between auditory and phonological processing skills was weakened by the finding of a subgroup of control listeners with poor auditory processing and normal phonological processing skills.

Nasal polyposis: Role of subclinical delayed food hypersensitivity

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoke-Teen Pang ◽  
Orhan Eskici ◽  
Janet A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Nasal Polyp ◽  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Food Hypersensitivity ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Control Subjects

Nasal polyposis is a common problem in otolaryngology. The cause remains unclear, and treatment with medication and surgery is often unsatisfactory. We present our controlled study, which suggests a strong association between food allergy and nasal polyposis. The study was conducted in 2 parts. A postal survey of 900 patients with nasal polyps showed 53 respondents (5.9%) had a known food allergy. In the prospective study, 80 nasal polyp patients and 36 control subjects completed intra-dermal tests for food allergy. Sixty-five nasal polyp patients (81%) and 4 control subjects (11%) had positive intradermal food test results. This is highly significant. We believe that food allergy may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis and should be further studied.

Neural Activation During the STROOP Task in Bipolar Disorder Patients and Their Unaffected Relatives

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
F. Pompei ◽  
M. Haldane ◽  
M. Kempton ◽  
J. Jogia ◽  
P. Girardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Colour Word ◽  
Behavioural Performance ◽  
Parietal Cortices ◽  
Cluster Level

Aims:To examine potential similarities in neural activation during the STROOP colour word test (SCWT) in patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) and their unaffected first degree relatives of BD patients as an expression of genetic predisposition.Methods:39 remitted BD patients were compared to 46 of their healthy relatives and to 42 controls. fMRI data were collected on a 1.5 T GE Signa MR system using a blocked periodic design and analysed in SPM5.Results:There was no statistically significant group difference in the behavioural performance. At the corrected cluster level threshold of p< 0.001 controls showed more activation than:a.BD patients in the caudate, the inferior (BA 47), middle and superior frontal gyri (BA 8, 6, 46), the parietal cortices (BA 7, 40), the precuneus and occipital cortices (BA 7, 19).b.Relatives in the caudate and cingulate cortex (BA 24, 31!). No other contrasts were significant.Conclusion:These findings suggest that changes in neural activation during response inhibition may reflect genetic predisposition to BD.

scholarly journals Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
María V. Sánchez-Vallecillo ◽  
María E. Fraire ◽  
Carlos Baena-Cagnani ◽  
Mario E. Zernotti
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Nasal Polyposis ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Predicting Factors ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Turbinate Hypertrophy ◽  
Clinical Research Center ◽  
And Gender

Objectives. To measure the prevalence of and identify the clinical characteristics associated with olfactory decline in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.Methods and Materials. There is analytical, prospective, and observational study in adult patients with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The olfactory test used was the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC).Results. They are 33 patients total. Within the group of patients aged 18 to 39, 9% had normosmia, 73% hyposmia, and 18% anosmia (P<0.001). Between 40 and 64 years old, there was no patient with normosmia, 63% hyposmia, and 37% anosmia (P<0.001). Of patients older than 65 years old, 33% showed mild hyposmia, 34% severe hyposmia, and 33% anosmia (P<0.001). 52% were females, and 48% were males.Conclusion. Nasal polyposis, asthma, septal deviation, turbinate hypertrophy, tobacco, and allergic rhinitis are predicting factors of olfactory dysfunction. Antecedents of previous endoscopic surgeries, age, and gender would not be associated with olfactory loss.

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