Adolescent Self-Efficacy for Diet and Exercise Following a School-Based Multicomponent Lifestyle Intervention

Self-efficacy is perhaps the most important parameter associated with behavioral changes. The main aim of this study was to provide insight into the diet and exercise self-efficacy of Greek adolescents and how they could be modified via a multilevel multicomponent school-based lifestyle intervention. Secondary aims were to study the associations of students’ dietary and exercise self-efficacy indices with their anthropometric and sociodemographic parameters. A representative sample of the adolescent population in Attica, consisting of 1610 adolescents aged 12–17 years, recruited from 23 public high schools in three municipalities of the Attica area in Greece, received a three-component lifestyle educational intervention for health promotion and underwent screening for characteristics of metabolic syndrome with the use of portable telemedicine. All assessments and anthropometric measurements were performed at baseline and after the 6-month intervention. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Assessment tools included the Self-efficacy for Diet and the Self-efficacy for Exercise questionnaires, as well as the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in Children and Adolescents (KIDMED). Analysis included 1020 adolescent students (421 males and 599 females), who completed the self-efficacy questionnaires pre- and post-intervention. Overall, the dietary (p < 0.001) and exercise (p < 0.001) self-efficacy increased significantly post-intervention. Post-intervention, all adolescents decreased their abdominal obesity indices (WC, WHtR, WHR), and this improvement was even more pronounced and significant (p = 0.019, p = 0.019, p = 0.023 respectively) in the adolescents with overweight/obesity. Post-intervention, the proportion of adolescents with normal weight increased from 73.9% to 78.6%, whereas the proportion of adolescents with overweight and obesity decreased from 20.4% to 15.9% and from 5.7% to 5.5%, respectively. Abdominal obesity also decreased from 10.4% to 9.0%. Female adolescents achieved significantly (p = 0.010) higher changes in diet self-efficacy than males. Other sociodemographic characteristics such as family structure, parental age, parental educational level and family income showed non-significant differences. Adolescents with higher KIDMED scores manifested significantly higher dietary and exercise self-efficacy than those with lower KIDMED scores. Both adolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity manifested a reciprocal relation between diet and exercise self-efficacy. Multicomponent lifestyle interventions in the school environment may provide a first step in students’ behavior changes and provide grounds for future prevention programs in youth.

Creatinine to cystatin C ratio, a biomarker of sarcopenia measures and falls risk in community-dwelling older women

Background The ratio of creatinine to cystatin C (Cr:Cyc) has been proposed as a biomarker of sarcopenia, as greater Cr:Cyc is typically associated with greater muscle mass. We examined the relationship between Cr:Cyc with individual sarcopenia measures, 5 y self-reported falls and 12 y fall-related hospitalizations in a prospective cohort study of 1,118 community-dwelling older women (mean age 75.2 ± 2.7 y). Methods Serum Cr:Cyc, hand grip strength and timed-up-and-go (TUG) performance were assessed at baseline (1998), while dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) derived ALM/Height (m) 2 was obtained in a subset of women at baseline and 1 year (n=334). Incident 5 y self-reported falls and 12-year falls-related hospitalizations were considered. Results In a multivariable-adjusted model, women with the lowest Cr:Cyc (Quartile [Q] 1) had 5% (1.0 kg) weaker grip strength, as well as 3.7% (0.22 kg/m 2) and 5.5% (0.031) lower ALM adjusted for height 2 or BMI, respectively, compared to women in Q4 (all p&lt;0.05). 329 women reported an incident fall over 5 years, and 326 fall-related hospitalizations were recorded over 12 years. Women in Q1 of Cr:Cyc had a greater relative hazard for a fall over 5 years (HR 1.50 95%CI 1.11-2.01) and fall-related hospitalization over 12 years (HR 1.53 95%CI 1.13-2.07) compared to Q4 in the multivariable-adjusted model. Conclusion These findings support further investigation into the use of Cr:Cyc as a muscle biomarker to help clinicians identify individuals at risk of falls for early inclusion into evidence-based primary prevention programs targeting improvements to diet and exercise.

Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Changes in Weight, Consumption and Lifestyle in Indonesian Students

The Covid-19 pandemic that has hit various parts of the world, including Indonesia, has had an impact on society. One of the layers of society that has experienced this impact is students. With the large-scale social restrictions, Indonesian students do a lot of activities at home. Many students become concerned with themselves, but there are also students who feel bored because of low social interaction which in turn causes high food consumption and sedentary behaviour at home. The objective of this study to determine changes in body weight, food consumption and lifestyle in Indonesian students. The design of this study was cross sectional, with descriptive analysis conducted on 1185 students in Indonesia. The results of the study stated that the pandemic had an impact on Indonesian students. During the pandemic as many as 67.1% of students experienced changes in the size of their BB. Most of the students experienced moderate stress (77.1%), and bad sedentary behaviour by 63.4%. However, diet and exercise habits have changed for the better as much as 52.6% and 63.7%, respectively. Indonesian students need to pay more attention to changes in body weight and lifestyle during the pandemic so as not to have a negative impact on health and nutritional status.

Physical activity as a determinant of successful aging: a narrative review article

Population of older people in many countries is constantly growing, therefore the subject of successful aging has become important and a priority for public health policy-makers. A person who is successfully aging has low risk of chronic disease and disability, high physical function, good mental health and social engagement in older age. Lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, have been identified as determinants of successful aging. The aim of this narrative review is to compile the evidence from big cohort studies on the overall health of older people. Their results indicate that regular physical activity increases the chances of successful aging in older people, but only after reaching a sufficient threshold. Physical activity lowers the risk of many chronic diseases and cognitive decline commonly associated with older age, promotes social engagement and improves self-estimated well-being.

Preliminary Findings of a National Survey of Black ADRD Family Caregivers

The National Caregiver Survey aims to capture a representative sample of Black Alzheimer’s disease and/or related dementias (ADRD) family caregivers who are 55+ to better understand the relationships between adaptation to caregiving, coping, and health. Following targeted social media marketing, ADRD family caregivers (n=60) completed an electronic survey capturing over 200 data elements. Analysis was completed using Spearman correlation coefficients. Preliminary results suggest that 55% of participants were hypertensive (n=33) and 27% (n=16) had diabetes. Participants were generally overweight with an average BMI of 29. 28% (n=17) of the sample were smokers. A negative correlation was identified between the level of care needs of the recipients (IADLs) and alcohol use (p=0.037). There was also a correlation between identifying positive aspects of caregiving and adaptive coping (p=0.045). Caregiver support programs should facilitate development of effective coping strategies for new family caregivers, with particular attention on smoking cessation, brain-healthy diet, and exercise.