Diversity and Frequency of  The Kind of Lichen in Gumitir Mountain area of Jember Regency

The area of Indonesia is 1.3% of the Earth, but it has the highest level of biodiversity. Biodiversity in the environment needs to be explored. The mountain area is one of the most suitable environments for exploring biodiversity, such as the Gumitir Mountain. Gumitir Mountain has altitude around 620 meters above sea level. Gumitir Mountain has high biodiversity. Mosses (Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta), till seed plants (Spermatophyta), and including Lichen was found in this area. Lichen is a mutualism symbiotic organism between fungi and green algae or blue-green algae that lives on the surface of the tree or another substrate with a variety of shapes and colours. This study aims to determine the diversity of kinds and frequencies of each kind of lichen found in the Gumitir Mountain area of Jember Regency. This research classified into exploratory research. Data retrieval is using the cruised method. Lichens are found in 20 species with Phlyctis arena (Ach.) Flot. as kind of lichen that is abundant in Gumitir Mountain Area.

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Lichens in Genus Parmelia: An Overview and their Application

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201021666200406105212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 1289-1297 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arumugam D. Gandhi ◽

Sivaji Sathiyaraj ◽

Gunasekaran Suriyakala ◽

Sivakumar Saranya ◽

Tirumalpur N. Baskaran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Algae ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Traditional Food ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Mountain Area ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Excessive Salivation ◽

Old Trees ◽

Therapeutic Activities ◽

Foliose Lichen

Parmelia that belongs to the Parmeliaceae Family is a foliose lichen combined with one or two groups of fungi in Phylum Ascomycota or Basidiomycota and algae, which might be green algae or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). It is generally called “Stone Flower,” “Charila,” “Pattharphool,” or “Shilaaapushpa” in India. Lichen can be generally found growing on walls, old trees and spread largely across India, especially in the mountain area. It is a source of edible organisms for people residing in some regions of Nepal and it is also cultivated in hillsides of Kashmir. It has been found that lichen contains a lot of distinctive chemical compounds such as evernic acid, lecanoric acid, lobaric acid, norstictic acid, physodic acid, and salazinic acid. Some species of this lichen are recommended traditionally for controlling diseases such as boils, bronchitis, inflammations, excessive salivation, toothache, vomiting, etc. It has also applied as an indicator for biomonitoring, astringent, carminative, demulcent, bitter, resolvent, emollient, laxative, sporofic, sedative, diuretic and considered for treating sores, bronchitis, excessive salivation, vomiting, tooth-ache, boils and inflammations. It has been utilized for preparing traditional food and acts as a bioindicator for air pollution and radiation. It shows antibacterial, antioxidant, antimycobacterial and antifungal activities, including haemolytic, anaesthetic, spasmolytic and antispasmodic and antitumour activities. It also has several unique phytoconstituents that could be in charge of different therapeutic activities, but the majority of them are still unexplored. The review mainly focuses on various facets, such as common names, synonyms, traditional uses, botanical descriptions, and pharmacological activities of seven species of Parmelia.

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The Rehabilitation of Norway's Largest Lake

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1982.0047 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 14 (1-2) ◽

pp. 21-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K Baalsrud

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Green Algae ◽

Trophic State ◽

Control Program ◽

Oligotrophic Lake ◽

Biological Characteristics ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Mass Occurrence ◽

Phosphorus Control

Lake Mjøsa, situated in the southeast of Norway, is the largest lake in Norway. Originally it was an oligotrophic lake, rich in oxygen down to its deepest part, 449 m below the surface and 328 m below sea level. In the period after 1950 signs of eutrophication developed reaching a maximum in the mid-1970's with the mass occurrence of filamentous blue-green algae. Comprehensive investigations have yielded data on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the lake. The trophic state is well described by the Vollenweider model. A phosphorus control program was suggested and made possible through Government funds. The Ministry of Environment organized a campaign which began in 1977 and which already seems to give the results expected.

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Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100051174 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 395-407

Author(s):

S. Henriksen

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

The Other ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Mean Sea Level ◽

The Earth ◽

The One ◽

Static Systems ◽

Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

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Freeze-Fracture Replication in the Ultrastructure of Blue-Green Algae

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100060386 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 74-75

Author(s):

L. V. Leak

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Green Algae ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Photosynthetic Membranes ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Cell Biol ◽

Cellular Components

Electron microscopic observations of freeze-fracture replicas of Anabaena cells obtained by the procedures described by Bullivant and Ames (J. Cell Biol., 1966) indicate that the frozen cells are fractured in many different planes. This fracturing or cleaving along various planes allows one to gain a three dimensional relation of the cellular components as a result of such a manipulation. When replicas that are obtained by the freeze-fracture method are observed in the electron microscope, cross fractures of the cell wall and membranes that comprise the photosynthetic lamellae are apparent as demonstrated in Figures 1 & 2.A large portion of the Anabaena cell is composed of undulating layers of cytoplasm that are bounded by unit membranes that comprise the photosynthetic membranes. The adjoining layers of cytoplasm are closely apposed to each other to form the photosynthetic lamellae. Occassionally the adjacent layers of cytoplasm are separated by an interspace that may vary in widths of up to several 100 mu to form intralamellar vesicles.

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