Evaluation of Solubility and Digestibility of Microwave Treated Soybean Meal Protein by In Vitro, In Situ and Pepsin Digestion Trial

Various feed proteins were incubated independently with bacterial protease from Streptomyces griseus (SGP), papain (Corica papaya), and ficin (Ficus glabrata) in a simple laboratory assay to predict ruminal protein degradability. The estimates obtained from in vitro assays were compared with those obtained from an in situ analysis using synthetic fibre bags. The rate and extent of degradation in vitro using proteases from non-rumen sources differed among substrates used. A high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.99) was observed between N-degradability from the in vitro method using SGP and in situ estimates when soybean meal was the substrate. Soybean meal nitrogen (N) was almost completely hydrolysed (0.99) in vitro. The correlation coefficients were low and variable with assays using other enzymes. The correlation coefficient was also high (r2 = 0.77–0.84) with in vitro methods using either SGP, papain, or ficin when incubated with fish meal. The N disappearance from barley in vitro was slow to moderate. The ‘b’ estimate of barley obtained with the in vitro assay was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that observed in situ. Slower proteolysis observed in barley may possibly be linked to poor accessibility of structural proteins rather than the degradability of N per se. None of the enzymes could rank barley in the same order as the in situ method.

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In vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics of diets with crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein by gas production technique

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 3399-3414

Author(s):

Angela Rocio Poveda-Parra ◽

Odimári Pricila Prado-Calixto ◽

Elzânia Sales Pereira ◽

Fernando Luiz Massaro Junior ◽

Larissa Nóbrega de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Production Technique ◽

Meal Protein ◽

Feedlot Lambs ◽

Gas Volume

The objective of this study was to evaluate ingredients and diets containing increasing levels of crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein, with in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. Diets were formulated for feedlot lambs and contained different levels of crambe cake protein (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g kg-1) replacing soybean meal protein. Corn silage was used as roughage. Carbohydrate digestion rates were estimated using the in vitro gas production technique and the cumulative gas production kinetics were analyzed using the bicompartmental logistic model. The parameters values of ruminal degradation kinetics were generated using the R statistical program with the Gauss-Newton algorithm and then subjected to analysis of variance and regression (when necessary) according to a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications. Upon carbohydrate fractionation of ingredients and experimental diets, it was observed that corn grain and corn silage presented the highest levels of total carbohydrates (TC), with values of 128.3 and 464.8 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) in fraction B2, respectively. Lower TC content was found for soybean meal and crambe cake (CC). There was a predominance of fractions A + B1 in the ingredients and experimental diets. The B2 fraction decreased in the diets with the inclusion of the CC protein, and CC presented the highest C fraction. Protein fractionation (g kg-1 DM and g kg-1 crude protein - CP), the ingredients and diets showed a higher proportion of fractions A and B1 + B2. In in vitro degradation, the diet without CC (0 g kg-1 DM) showed the highest final cumulative gas production (365.04 mL g-1 of incubated DM), while the CC presented the lowest volume (166.68 mL g-1 of incubated DM). The gas volume of non-fibrous carbohydrate fermentation and fibrous carbohydrate degradation rate exhibited a quadratic effect according increasing levels of CC (Pmax = 265.8 g kg-1 DM and Pmin = 376.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively). The lag time and final gas volume showed a decreasing linear effect with increasing levels of CC protein. The degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates and the final volume of fibrous carbohydrates did not differ. Replacing soybean meal protein with CC protein at the level of 250 g kg-1 of dry matter in diets formulated for feedlot lambs leads to good profiles of ruminal fermentation kinetics with respect to the degradation of fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates.

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In Vitro Ruminal Degradability of Soybean Meal Protein Protected with Natural Tannin

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/119/1/012016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 ◽

pp. 012016

Author(s):

B.W.H.E Prasetiyono ◽

A. Subrata ◽

B.I.M. Tampoebolon ◽

Surono ◽

Widiyanto

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Meal Protein ◽

Ruminal Degradability

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Comparison of lignosulfonate-treated canola meal and soybean meal as rumen undegradable protein supplements for lambs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas95-056 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 371-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K. Stanford ◽

T. A. McAllister ◽

Z. Xu ◽

K.-J. Cheng ◽

M. Pickard

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Growth Experiments

An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of lignosulfonate (LSO3) treatment on the rumen-undegradable protein (RUDP) value of canola meal (CM) and soybean meal (SM). Canola meal and SM were treated with 7% LSO3 and heated (95 °C) for 1 h. Treated and untreated meals were compared in vitro, in situ and in digestibility and growth experiments using Romanov × Suffolk and Romanov × Dorset lambs. Lambs were fed four barley-based diets [13.5% crude protein (CP)] with one of CM, SM, LSO3-treated CM (LSO3-CM) or LSO3-treated SM (LSO3-SM) as protein supplements. Lignosulfonate treatment increased acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) five-fold in SM and threefold in CM. After 6 h incubation with ruminal fluid, ammonia production from LSO3-treated meals was one-half that from untreated meals. Lignosulfonate treatment reduced (P < 0.01) in situ rates of dry matter (DM) and protein disappearance and the soluble DM and protein fractions for both SM and CM, but not the potentially digestible fractions. No differences in feed conversion or average daily gain (P > 0.05) were found among the treatments. Although LSO3 treatment did not improve the ADG of lambs fed barley-based diets, it increased the RUDP value of SM and CM without adverse effects on digestibility. Key words: Lignosulfonate, canola meal, soybean meal, lamb

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Relationship Between Electrophoretic Band Patterns and In Vitro Ammonia Release of Soluble Soybean Meal Protein

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(83)81934-1 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 1272-1276 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P.J. van der Aar ◽

L.L. Berger ◽

K.M. Wujek ◽

I. Mastenbroek ◽

G.C. Fahey

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Electrophoretic Band ◽

Ammonia Release ◽

Meal Protein

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CRAMBE CAKE (Crambe abyssinica hochst) ON LAMB DIETS

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542015000100009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 75-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Érika Breda Canova ◽

Mauro Sartori Bueno ◽

Heverton Luis Moreira ◽

Rosana Possenti ◽

Patrícia Brás

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Substitution Effect ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Crambe Abyssinica ◽

Meal Protein

The use of alternative feedstuffs in animal diet, such as residues derived from the biodiesel production aims to increase productivity and reduce costs in animal production. Them aim of this study was to evaluate the substitution effect of 0, 22, 44 and 64% of soybean meal protein by Crambe cake (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) protein in lamb diet. In the in vivo experiment, 20 lambs were used and evaluated the apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and voluntary DM intake. The replacement of the protein resulted in a linear decrease in apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose (CEL) and the percentage of total digestible nutrients (TDN), which resulted in decreased daily DM intake. The blood level of urea, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not affected. In vitro gas production technique (GP) evaluation of diets showed a significantly decrease (P<0.05) of the total gas and methane production without altering the true degradability of DM and OM and the partition factor (PF). Replacement of soybean meal protein by the Crambe cake protein decreased digestibility of the fiber fraction of the diet, the voluntary intake of DM and methane, without altering rumen fermentation. Crambe cake can be utilized as lamb's food, because, despite reduced intake, assure a large energy intake and similarity to soybean meal protein.

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Influence of altering ruminal degradation of soybean meal protein on in situ ruminal fiber disappearance of forages and fibrous byproducts

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1995.7382428x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (8) ◽

pp. 2428-2437 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H. S. Hussein ◽

M. R. Cameron ◽

G. C. Fahey ◽

N. R. Merchen ◽

J. H. Clark

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Meal Protein ◽

Ruminal Degradation

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Slow-Release Urea as a Sustainable Alternative to Soybean Meal in Ruminant Nutrition

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2464

Author(s):

Saheed A. Salami ◽

Maria Devant ◽

Juha Apajalahti ◽

Vaughn Holder ◽

Sini Salomaa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Vegetable Protein ◽

Slow Release ◽

Protein Sources ◽

Slow Release Urea ◽

In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using a commercial slow-release urea product (SRU; Optigen®, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) as a partial replacement for vegetable protein sources in cattle diets. The first experiment was an in vitro rumen fermentation that evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) nitrogen with nitrogen from either SRU or free urea in diets varying in forage:concentrate ratios. The second experiment examined the effect of replacing SBM with SRU on in situ dry matter and nitrogen degradability in the rumen. In the third experiment, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing SBM (0% as-fed SRU) with 1% or 3% as-fed SRU on feed carbon footprint (CFP; total greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle of feed raw materials) and the toxicity potential of SRU in growing beef cattle. Results showed that replacing SBM with SRU up to 1.3% did not negatively affect in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Supplementing SRU favourably decreased ruminal accumulation of ammonia and lactic acid when compared to free urea. There was no significant effect on effective rumen degradability of dry matter and nitrogen when one-third of SBM was replaced by SRU in the in situ study. Compared with the 0% SRU diet, feed CFP decreased by 18% and 54% in 1% SRU and 3% SRU diets, respectively. Additionally, feeding up to 3% SRU diet to beef cattle did not affect health and intake, and blood hematological and biochemical indices were within the physiological range for healthy bulls, suggesting no indication of ammonia toxicity. Overall, these results indicate that SRU can be used as a sustainable alternative to partially replace vegetable protein sources in ruminant diets without compromising rumen function and health of ruminants.

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