scholarly journals Lunar Surface Stirling Power Systems Using Isotope Heat Sources

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schmitz ◽  
L. Penswick ◽  
Richard Shaltens
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Heat Sources

Development of the Trilateral Flash Cycle System: Part 1: Fundamental Considerations

1993 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
I K Smith
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
World Market ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cycle System ◽  
Cycle Systems ◽  
Power Recovery

The world market for systems for power recovery from low-grade heat sources is of the order of £1 billion per annum. Many of these sources are hot liquids or gases from which conventional power systems convert less than 2.5 per cent of the available heat into useful power when the fluid is initially at a temperature of 100° C rising to 8–9 per cent at an initial temperature of 200°C. Consideration of the maximum work recoverable from such single-phase heat sources leads to the concept of an ideal trilateral cycle as the optimum means of power recovery. The trilateral flash cycle (TFC) system is one means of approaching this ideal which involves liquid heating only and two-phase expansion of vapour. Previous work related to this is reviewed and details of analytical studies are given which compare such a system with various types of simple Rankine cycle. It is shown that provided two-phase expanders can be made to attain adiabatic efficiencies of more than 75 per cent, the TFC system can produce outputs of up to 80 per cent more than simple Rankine cycle systems in the recovery of power from hot liquid streams in the 100–200°C temperature range. The estimated cost per unit net output is approximately equal to that of Rankine cycle systems. The preferred working fluids for TFC power plants are light hydrocarbons.

Heat Rejection Concepts for Radioisotope Power Systems on the Lunar Surface

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wayne Tobery ◽  
David Pantano ◽  
Frank Dottore ◽  
Jaime Reyes ◽  
Ronald Creel
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Heat Rejection

Optimization of Cycle and Expander Design of an Organic Rankine Cycle Unit Using Multi-Component Working Fluids

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Meroni ◽  
Jesper Graa Andreasen ◽  
Leonardo Pierobon ◽  
Fredrik Haglind
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Turbine Performance ◽  
Temperature Heat

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power systems represent attractive solutions for power conversion from low temperature heat sources, and the use of these power systems is gaining increasing attention in the marine industry. This paper proposes the combined optimal design of cycle and expander for an organic Rankine cycle unit utilizing waste heat from low temperature heat sources. The study addresses a case where the minimum temperature of the heat source is constrained and a case where no constraint is imposed. The former case is the waste heat recovery from jacket cooling water of a marine diesel engine onboard a large ship, and the latter is representative of a low-temperature geothermal, solar or waste heat recovery application. Multi-component working fluids are investigated, as they allow improving the match between the temperature profiles in the heat exchangers and, consequently, reducing the irreversibility in the ORC system. This work considers mixtures of R245fa/pentane and propane/isobutane. The use of multi-component working fluids typically results in increased heat transfer areas and different expander designs compared to pure fluids. In order to properly account for turbine performance and design constraints in the cycle calculation, the thermodynamic cycle and the turbine are optimized simultaneously in the molar composition range of each mixture. Such novel optimization approach enables one to identify to which extent the cycle or the turbine behaviour influences the selection of the optimal solution. It also enables one to find the composition for which an optimal compromise between cycle and turbine performance is achieved. The optimal ORC unit employs pure R245fa and provides approximately 200 kW when the minimum hot fluid temperature is constrained. Conversely, the mixture R245fa/pentane (0.5/0.5) is selected and provides approximately 444 kW when the hot fluid temperature is not constrained to a lower value. In both cases, a compact and efficient turbine can be manufactured.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of the Location of Cold and Heat Sources for the Payload’s Active Thermal Control System on the Lunar Surface

2022 ◽  
Vol 2148 (1) ◽  
pp. 012043
Author(s):  
Hongyu Zhang ◽  
Yajing Li ◽  
Yifei Wang ◽  
Miaocheng Weng ◽  
Fang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Thermal Control ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Temperature Uniformity ◽  
Biological Experiment ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Control System

Abstract The payload of the Chang’e-4 biological experiment is used as an object for designing and analyzing the location of cold and heat sources. The research compares and analyzes the energy consumption and temperature uniformity of cooling and heating sources mounted on different surfaces using Thermal Desktop/Sinda Fluint, which may be used to guide the design and operation of active thermal control systems. The results indicate that when the hot and cold sources are mounted on the payload’s top surface, the total energy consumption of the active thermal control system is minimized and temperature uniformity is improved.

scholarly journals Radioisotope Heat Sources and Power Systems Enabling Ocean Worlds Subsurface and Ocean Access Missions

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Woerner ◽  
Steve Johnson ◽  
Jean-Pierre Fleurial ◽  
Sam Howell ◽  
Brian Bairstow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Heat Sources

Mixed Americium-Curium Heat Sources for Radioisotope Heaters and Power Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. O'Brien ◽  
J. A. Katalenich
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Heat Sources

Comparison of Dynamic and Static Power Conversion Systems for Undersea Missions

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sternlicht ◽  
J. W. Bjerklie
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Nuclear Heat ◽  
Component Development ◽  
Static Power

The paper discusses a modular approach to power and total-energy systems for undersea missions. Vehicular, portable, and stationary power plants of various power levels (1–100 kwe) and duration (10–1000 and > 1000 hr) are considered. Both dynamic (open and closed Brayton and Rankine cycles) and static (battery, fuel cell, and thermoelectric) systems utilizing chemical and nuclear heat sources are compared. The comparison is based on a rating of a number of criteria for which weighing factors have been selected, e.g., weight, size, reliability, serviceability, applicability, development time, and cost. The paper indicates that several types of power systems will be necessary for undersea missions. Isotope-thermoelectrics are well suited for extremely low-power-level, long-duration missions. Batteries appear satisfactory power sources for low kilowatt hours, chemical-dynamic and fuel cell for intermediate kilowatt hours, and isotope-dynamic for high kilowatt hours. The dynamic systems have the advantage that they can be used with several heat sources, (e.g., chemical, isotope, and reactor). Recommendations are made for component development to allow early availability of power sources for undersea missions.

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