scholarly journals Immuno-oncology of differentiated thyroid cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Smitha S Rao ◽  
Sabaretnam Mayilvaganan
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
Cancer Management

Thyroid cancer has become an epidemic due to easy availability of ultrasound of the neck, and in some countries, routine health checkup ultrasound of neck is routinely done and mandatory. Thyroid cancer detected incidentally and less than 1 cm may warrant only observation, whereas some cancers such as anaplastic thyroid cancer requires urgent intervention. Advances in the field of oncology have been revolutionized by the extensive study of tumor microenvironment (TME). The introduction of immune check point inhibitors resulted in a major shift in the understanding of differentiated thyroid cancer. Inflammation related to thyroid cancer involves various molecular patterns of cytokines and chemokines. They form the major targets for novel immunotherapies. Addition of discovery of newer tumor markers has significantly contributed to cancer management. Tumor immune escape is an important mechanism of oncogenesis. Innate immunity forms the major defense of the body to tumor cells. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes form the defense that target tumor cells. The aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss the dynamic immune system, various oncogenic pathways and novel tumor antigens like cancer testis sperm associated antigen (SPAG9).

scholarly journals Immunotherapy for Lung Cancers

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Yi Ho ◽  
Shye-Jye Tang ◽  
Kuang-Hui Sun ◽  
Winnie Yang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Cancer Tumor

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although treatment methods in surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy have improved, prognosis remains unsatisfactory and developing new therapeutic strategies is still an urgent demand. Immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach wherein activated immune cells can specifically kill tumor cells by recognition of tumor-associated antigens without damage to normal cells. Several lung cancer vaccines have demonstrated prolonged survival time in phase II and phase III trials, and several clinical trials are under investigation. However, many clinical trials involving cancer vaccination with defined tumor antigens work in only a small number of patients. Cancer immunotherapy is not completely effective in eradicating tumor cells because tumor cells escape from host immune scrutiny. Understanding of the mechanism of immune evasion regulated by tumor cells is required for the development of more effective immunotherapeutic approaches against lung cancer. This paper discusses the identification of tumor antigens in lung cancer, tumor immune escape mechanisms, and clinical vaccine trials in lung cancer.

scholarly journals Salmonella Breaks Tumor Immune Tolerance by Downregulating Tumor Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Man-Chin Chen ◽  
Christian Ronquillo Pangilinan ◽  
Che-Hsin Lee
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
Programmed Death Ligand 1 ◽  
T Cell Infiltration ◽  
Programmed Death

Immunotherapy is becoming a popular treatment modality in combat against cancer, one of the world’s leading health problems. While tumor cells influence host immunity via expressing immune inhibitory signaling proteins, some bacteria possess immunomodulatory activities that counter the symptoms of tumors. The accumulation of Salmonella in tumor sites influences tumor protein expression, resulting in T cell infiltration. However, the molecular mechanism by which Salmonella activates T cells remains elusive. Many tumors have been reported to have high expressions of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is an important immune checkpoint molecule involved in tumor immune escape. In this study, Salmonella reduced the expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells. The expression levels of phospho-protein kinase B (P-AKT), phospho-mammalian targets of rapamycin (P-mTOR), and the phospho-p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (P-p70s6K) pathway were revealed to be involved in the Salmonella-mediated downregulation of PD-L1. In a tumor-T cell coculture system, Salmonella increased T cell number and reduced T cell apoptosis. Systemic administration of Salmonella reduced the expressions of PD-L-1 in tumor-bearing mice. In addition, tumor growth was significantly inhibited along with an enhanced T cell infiltration following Salmonella treatment. These findings suggest that Salmonella acts upon the immune checkpoint, primarily PD-L1, to incapacitate protumor effects and thereby inhibit tumor growth.

The role of ablative treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer management

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Melo ◽  
Nuno Vicente ◽  
Mara Ventura ◽  
Adriana Gaspar Da Rocha ◽  
Paula Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cancer Management

Emerging Trends in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Management

2006 ◽  
Vol 135 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P70-P70
Author(s):  
David L Steward ◽  
R Michael Tuttle ◽  
Robert A Sofferman ◽  
James A Fagin
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Emerging Trends

scholarly journals Circulating Tumor Cells Correlate with Clinicopathological Features and Outcomes in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 718-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Ling Qiu ◽  
Wei-Jun Wei ◽  
Zhen-Kui Sun ◽  
Chen-Tian Shen ◽  
Hong-Jun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Circulating Tumor Cells ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Predictive Index ◽  
131I Treatment ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Background/Aims: As biomarkers, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from solid tumors can predict metastases and prognoses, and help monitor treatment efficacy. However, conventional CellSearch methods have low sensitivity to differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) CTCs. In this study, for the first time, we used negative enriching (NE) immunofluorescence–in situ hybridization (iFISH) of chromosome 8 to capture and identify CTCs in DTC patients; and investigated how CTCs correlate with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in DTC patients with distant metastases (DM). Methods: In this prospective study, we enrolled 72 patients with DTC before they underwent 131I treatment, and 30 healthy controls (HC). Their CTCs were measured in 7.5 ml peripheral blood using the NE–iFISH technique. CTC was defined by the aneuploidy. Results: We detected CTCs in 62 (86.1%) of the 72 subjects with DTC. The mean number of CTCs in patients with DTC with DM (DM+) was significantly higher than in the HC group (P< 0.001) and DTC patients without DM (DM-; P=0.0016). We found CTCs ≥ 5 was significantly associated with DM+ DTC (P=0.009; sensitivity: 64.3%; specificity: 83.8%); CTCs ≥ 7 was related to poor response to 131I treatment (sensitivity: 73.7 %; specificity: 69.6 %), and was also associated with worse prognosis in DM+ DTC (P< 0.001). Conclusion: We found CTCs ≥ 5 to be a potential predictive index for DM+ DTC; and CTCs ≥7 as a possible indicator of poor response to 131I treatment and worse prognosis in DM+ DTC.

When do I Radiate? Age Implications for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. S461
Author(s):  
N.C. Townsend ◽  
E. Handorf ◽  
M. Lango ◽  
J.C. Liu ◽  
J.A. Ridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cancer Management

scholarly journals T Lymphocyte Inhibition by Tumor-Infiltrating Dendritic Cells Involves Ectonucleotidase CD39 but Not Arginase-1

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malika Trad ◽  
Alexandrine Gautheron ◽  
Jennifer Fraszczak ◽  
Darya Alizadeh ◽  
Claire Larmonier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
T Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Tumor Environment

T lymphocytes activated by dendritic cells (DC) which present tumor antigens play a key role in the antitumor immune response. However, in patients suffering from active cancer, DC are not efficient at initiating and supporting immune responses as they participate to T lymphocyte inhibition. DC in the tumor environment are functionally defective and exhibit a characteristic of immature phenotype, different to that of DC present in nonpathological conditions. The mechanistic bases underlying DC dysfunction in cancer responsible for the modulation of T-cell responses and tumor immune escape are still being investigated. Using two different mouse tumor models, we showed that tumor-infiltrating DC (TIDC) are constitutively immunosuppressive, exhibit a semimature phenotype, and impair responder T lymphocyte proliferation and activation by a mechanism involving CD39 ectoenzyme.

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