scholarly journals Outbreak of hepatitis-B, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Shahzeb Khan Shaz ◽  
Hamza Khan Swati ◽  
Yousaf Khan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Common Infectious Disease ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recorded as frequent and major problem in the world because HBV infection endures serious and common infectious disease of liver and it is lately cause of death due to innumerable complications such as HIV infection, diabetes, cardiac infection, and many other secondary infections. HBV is one of the supreme communicable diseases can transmit from individual to individual. HBV is a particular disease that is developed in dumpy time era and clue to cause cancer in population because people do not know about transmission of HBV and the major role accomplish in the transmission of HBV is hospitals and its staff. Transmission of hepatitis B happens by blood and blood items, sexual contact. The intrafamilial transmission is likewise reported sometimes. A total of 350 million individuals have hepatitis B infection (HBV) contamination around the world. HBV is remained a severe problem in public health worldwide and about 2.5 billion peoples are currently reported that get infection of hepatitis-B. These cases include that 3.65 million peoples are suffer with chronic hepatitis b and 630,000 deaths are reported annually that is relate with liver failure and HCC hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Disease of HBV is imperative for bringing about constant hepatitis and being one of the significant reasons for the cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. About 33% (2 billion individuals) of the total populace has been spoiled with HBV and 400 million individuals have interminable ailment, out of these 75% of people are living in Asia and Western Pacific edge.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Current Hepatitis B Viral Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Situation in Mediterranean Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Salma Madihi ◽  
Hashim Syed ◽  
Fatiha Lazar ◽  
Abdelmajid Zyad ◽  
Abdelouaheb Benani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
B Virus

Viral hepatitis B is a global public health problem affecting nearly two billion subjects; 3.3% of whom are from the WHO (World Health Organization) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO). It induces both acute and chronic hepatic disorders with subsequent liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a considerable percentage of patients based on the age of exposure. In this review, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCC prevalence, distribution and prevalence of different genotypes, and male/female infection frequencies in relation to the vaccination status in the Mediterranean countries were reported. Study Design. This systematic review describes the prevalence of hepatitis B infection, genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus, and prevalence and incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mediterranean countries belonging to three different continents: Southern Europe (Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, and Greece), North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt), and the Near East region (Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Israel, and Palestine). We tried to collect new data from electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and public health reports between 1980 and 2019. For each publication, we recorded reference, publication year, study characteristics (date, locations, sample size, and study population), and participant characteristics (population group, year, age, and sex). No language limitation was imposed, and articles or reports from non-peer-reviewed sources were not considered for this analysis. The main keywords were HBV prevalence, hepatitis B infection, HBV genotype, and HCC. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Healthy population-based studies included the following sample populations: (i) voluntary blood donors, (ii) pregnant women, (iii) community studies, (iv) hemodialysis patients, (v) hospitalized patients, (vi) healthcare workers, (vii) sex workers, (viii) drug abusers, and (ix) prisoners. We excluded studies from the following special groups who were assumed to be at a special high risk: patients from sexually transmitted disease clinics and thalassemia clinics and professional or paid blood donors.

The association between hepatitis B virus mutations and the risk of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Akrami ◽  
Mohammad Rafiee Monjezi ◽  
Shahrzad Ilbeigi ◽  
Farshid Amiri ◽  
Mohammad Reza Fattahi
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Occult Hbv Infection ◽  
Occult Hbv ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World

: Hepatitis B virus [HBV], the best-described hepadnavirus, distributed all around the world and may lead to chronic and acute liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the advancement in treatment against HBV, an error-prone reverse transcriptase which is require for HBV replication as well as host immune pressure lead to constant evolution and emergence of genotypes, sub-genotypes and mutant viruses; so, HBV will be remained as a major healthcare problem around the world. This review article mainly focuses on the HBV mutations which correlated to occult HBV infection, Immune scape, vaccine failure and eventually liver cirrhosis and HCC. Current study indicated that preS/S region mutations are related to vaccine failure, immune escape, occult HBV infection and the occurrence of HCC. Whereas, P region Mutations may lead to drug resistance to NA antivirals. PreC/C region mutations are associated to HBeAg negativity, immune escape, and persistent hepatitis. Moreover, X region Mutations play an important role in HCC development.

scholarly journals Delta hepatitis: molecular biology and clinical and epidemiological features.

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
L B Polish ◽  
M Gallagher ◽  
H A Fields ◽  
S C Hadler
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis Delta Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Hepatitis Delta ◽  
Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Delta Virus

Hepatitis delta virus, discovered in 1977, requires the help of hepatitis B virus to replicate in hepatocytes and is an important cause of acute, fulminant, and chronic liver disease in many regions of the world. Because of the helper function of hepatitis delta virus, infection with it occurs either as a coinfection with hepatitis B or as a superinfection of a carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen. Although the mechanisms of transmission are similar to those of hepatitis B virus, the patterns of transmission of delta virus vary widely around the world. In regions of the world in which hepatitis delta virus infection is not endemic, the disease is confined to groups at high risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection and high-risk hepatitis B carriers. Because of the propensity of this viral infection to cause fulminant as well as chronic liver disease, continued incursion of hepatitis delta virus into areas of the world where persistent hepatitis B infection is endemic will have serious implications. Prevention depends on the widespread use of hepatitis B vaccine. This review focuses on the molecular biology and the clinical and epidemiologic features of this important viral infection.

scholarly journals Occult hepatitis B virus infection among hemodialysis patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahil Nahid Samiei ◽  
Somayeh Shokri ◽  
Shahab Mahmoudvand ◽  
Manoochehr Makvandi ◽  
Heshmatollah Shahbazian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Occult Hepatitis ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Occult Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus is a major public health impasse all over the world. Recently a new form of hepatitis B infection named Occult hepatitis B Infection (OBI) has appeared globally. The OBI is defined as the presence of HBV DNA in the liver and/or blood in the absence of detectable serum HBsAg with/without anti-HBc or anti-HBs. The prevalence of OBI has been reported in hemodialysis (HD) patients in different regions of the world. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence of OBI among HD patients. The cross-sectional study was carried out on 84 HD patients. These sera were checked for HBsAg, HBc-IgG assessment using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The DNA was extracted from the sera samples and tested for HBVDNA detection using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested PCR). The liver function tests including serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were carried out for all the HD individuals. 52/84(61.9%) of HD were males and 32/84 (38.1%) were females. The patient’s age ranged from 25 to 64 with a mean age of 52.4±15.2 years. HBsAg and HBc-IgG were detected in 1(1.1%) female. 2 (2.4%; a female and a male) patients were positive for HBsAg. 14/84 (16.7%; 6 female and 8 male) HD patients were positive for anti-HBc but negative for HBsAg, among them 4(28.6%; 2 female and 2 male) cases were positive for HBV DNA, indicating the presence of OBI in HD patients. Even distribution of OBI among the HD was found in 2(2.36%) male and 2(2.36%) female (P>.0.05). In the present study the moderate rate of 4.76% OBI has been observed in HD patients. The prevalence of seropositive OBI among the gender was 2(2.36%) male and 2(2.36%) female. The seronegative OBI have not been detected in the present study but requires further investigation. In this study the affliction of OBI in HD patients is not clear.

Herbal Medicine and Its Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Hepatitis B

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-206
Author(s):  
Bui Thanh Tung ◽  
Nguyen Hong Nhung ◽  
Ta Thi Thu Hang ◽  
Vu Khanh Linh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Dose Dependent

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is one of the most serious public health problems in the world. Some common approved drugs bring about dose-dependent adverse effects or drug resistance. Therefore, safe and useful new HBV therapeutics are essential. Medicinal plants have particular benefits to treat HBV-infected patients. Traditional medicines have many bioactive compounds that are effective as antiviral candidates including esculetin, helioxanthin, oxymatrine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, wogonin, alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. In this chapter, the authors summarize the pathogenesis and protein targets for the treatment of hepatitis B disease. They also indicate several medicinal plants and isolated compounds which are used for preventing and reduce symptoms of this disease.

scholarly journals Persistence of Anti-HBs Antibody and Immunological Memory in Healthy Individuals Vaccinated with Hepatitis B Vaccine

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidhan Chakraborty ◽  
Tanvir Bashar ◽  
Konok Roy ◽  
Rashed Noor ◽  
M Majibur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunological Memory ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Protective Level ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major public health problems in the world. It is estimated that there are three hundred million HBV carriers and around one million deaths annually due to HBV infection worldwide. Vaccination is considered to be the best solution to this problem. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of the vaccine administered against hepatitis B and to reveal the immunological memory against the vaccine. Samples were taken from both male (74 individuals) and female (37 individuals) from different age groups ranging from three to sixty three years. Among the population studied, both good (63.06%) and hypo (36.94%) responders were found. All the individuals (100%) showed a satisfactory result having an anti-HBs antibody titer above the protective level (≥ 10 IU/L).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v1i1.9101  Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.1(1), July 2011, p.37-41

scholarly journals Surveillance of Hepatitis B Biomarkers in Borno State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. O. Oyinloye ◽  
D. N. Bukbuk ◽  
F. A. Sanda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Donor ◽  
Civil Servant ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem of public health importance. The World Health Organization (WHO) African Region has reported an approximately 100 million people with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and Nigeria has been classified as endemic. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of hepatitis B infection (ii) the immune status to hepatitis B among patients (iii) the susceptibility rate. Methods: A total of four hundred and ten (410) sera were collected at random from patients attending various hospitals in Borno state. A self-structured questionnaire was used to obtained demographic data which included age and sex, social status (e.g. trader, farmer, civil servant or student), pregnancy status, blood donor type. Sera samples were obtained for qualitative detection of HBsAg using rapid chromatographic immunoassays with test kits from Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., China having sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 99%, 97% and 98.5% respectively. Results: This is a first-phase result of a surveillance of hepatitis B biomarkers in Borno state Nigeria. The proportion of male (248:60.5%) was higher than female (162:39.5%). Out of the 410 samples assayed, overall prevalence of 7.1%, 2%, 0%, 47.1% and 45.6% for HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen), HBsAb (anti-HBs), HBeAg (Hepatitis B envelop antigen), HBeAb (Anti-HBe) and HBcAb (Anti-HBcore) respectively were obtained. A total of 24.1% (7/29) of the HBsAg positives were negative for all other biomarkers suggesting new cases in the acute phase. The later comprise of 2 pregnant women, 1 blood donor, 3 farmers and 1 civil servant. Sixteen (3.9%) of the 410 samples were negative for all the biomarkers. Of these, 11(68.8%) were pregnant women, 1 private blood donor and 2 students and 2 civil servants. Gender-based prevalence of HBsAg among male was 8.5% (21/248) and 4.9% (8/162) among female. Out of 29/410 (7.1%) HBsAg positives, 89.7% (26/29) were between 15–34 years old. Out of 150 blood donors, the prevalence of HBsAg was 8.7% (13/150) while among 50 pregnant women it was 8% (4/50). HBsAg positivity proportion was (10/29) among students; civil servants (7/29); traders (6/29) and farmers (6/29). Conclusion: Hepatitis B infection continues to be a public health hazard due to existence of susceptible individuals and emerging new cases as observed in this study. Therefore, routine vaccinations at all levels should be invigorated while continuous surveillance of the infection is maintained until population immunity can be achieved.

scholarly journals The function of HBx in HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Zhaoliang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Vascular Invasion ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Advanced Stages

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second cause cancer death in the world. HCC is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages with intrahepatic metstasis or vascular invasion and has a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate. In the world, hepatitis B virus (HBV) caused over 50% HCC, making it the most common carcinogen after tobacco. Notably, accumulating evidence suggests HBV X gene (HBx) play an important role in tumorigenesis of HBV-related HCC. In this review, we will summarize the functions of HBx proteins in tumorigenesis and discuss their potential implications in cancer therapy.

Role of environmental factors in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma

2010 ◽  
Vol 151 (28) ◽  
pp. 1132-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Tornai
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Virus Hepatitis ◽  
B Virus

A krónikus vírushepatitisek jelentik ma a legismertebb okokat a hepatocellularis carcinoma (HCC) kialakulásában. A krónikus B- és C-vírus-hepatitis a májrákok körülbelül 40-50%-át okozza. A nyugati típusú társadalmakban a HCC előfordulása folyamatosan növekvő tendenciát mutat. Az alkohol számít a környezeti tényezők közül a legfontosabbnak, bár az alkoholfogyasztás a legtöbb országban csökken. Ez aláhúzza az egyéb környezeti tényezők fontosságát is. Az elfogyasztott alkoholmennyiséggel egyenes arányban növekszik a cirrhosis és a következményes HCC gyakorisága nőkben és férfiakban egyaránt. A kémiai anyagok közül a legismertebb a Kínában és Afrikában elterjedt aflatoxin, amely a gabonaféléket szennyező mycotoxin. Hasonló területeken endémiás, mint a hepatitis B-vírus, együtt szinergista hatást fejtenek ki. A dohányzás is egyértelműen bizonyított hepatocarcinogen hatással rendelkezik. Ez is jelentősen fokozódik, ha alkoholfogyasztással vagy vírushepatitisszel társul. Társadalmilag talán a legfontosabb az elhízás, a következményes nem alkoholos zsírmáj, illetve steatohepatitis és a 2-es típusú cukorbetegség, amelyek prevalenciája egyre fokozódik. Feltehetően ezek állnak a növekvő HCC-gyakoriság hátterében. Az inzulinrezisztencia és az oxidatív stressz képezik a legfontosabb patogenetikai lépéseket a májsejtkárosodásban. További fontos rizikótényező az orális fogamzásgátlók elterjedt használata. Egyes foglalkozások esetén a tartós szervesoldószer-expozíció is növeli a HCC rizikóját. Védelmet jelenthetnek az antioxidánsok, a szelén, a gyógyszerek közül a statinok és a feketekávé-fogyasztás.

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