Effects of type of canola protein supplement on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow to the duodenum in beef heifers

Abstract This study evaluated the interaction between the stage of maturity of Eragrostis tef (teff) grass and supplemental energy source on ruminal fermentation characteristics and nitrogen (N) utilization. Six ruminally-fistulated beef heifers were used in a 3 × 3 split-plot design (21 d periods). The whole plot factor was stage of maturity of teff hay [early- (EH) or late-heading (LH)], and the subplot factor was supplemental energy source [no supplement (CON), rolled corn grain or beet pulp pellet (BP)] fed at 0.5% of body weight. Feed intake was measured daily. Indwelling pH loggers were used to measure ruminal pH (d 14 to 21) and ruminal fluid was collected from d 19 to 21 to determine fermentation characteristics, as were feces and urine to measure N excretion. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. There was no stage of maturity × supplement interaction for all measurements (P ≥ 0.17). Although dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be greater (P = 0.07) for heifers fed EH than LH hay, it did not differ (P = 0.88) across supplements. Ruminal acetate concentration tended (P = 0.098) to be greater for EH than LH heifers, whereas butyrate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.045) for BPP than CON heifers. However, the duration and area pH < 6.2 and 5.8 did not differ (P > 0.12) across treatments. Except for microbial N flow, which was greater (P < 0.01) for EH than LH heifers, there was no stage of maturity or supplement effect (P ≥ 0.14) on measures of N utilization. In summary, feeding teff hay harvested at the EH than LH stage of maturity increased DMI and microbial N supply, whereas feeding corn and BP as energy supplements to beef heifers had no effect on ruminal pH.

Download Full-text

Intake, water consumption, ruminal fermentation, and stress response of beef heifers fed after different lengths of delays in the daily feed delivery time

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas.2008-1709 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 87 (8) ◽

pp. 2709-2718 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

L. A. González ◽

L. B. Correa ◽

A. Ferret ◽

X. Manteca ◽

J. L. Ruíz-de-la-Torre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Delivery Time ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Intake Water

Download Full-text

Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9100704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 704 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paula ◽

da Silva ◽

Brandao ◽

Dai ◽

Faciola

Keyword(s):

Average Daily Gain ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Animal Performance ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Alternative Protein ◽

Camelina Meal

Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as “ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion”. Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.

Download Full-text

Effect of stage of maturity at harvest for forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) on eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed as hay to yearling beef heifers

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txz167 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 149-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alex A Pursley ◽

Bill Biligetu ◽

Tom Warkentin ◽

Herbert A Lardner ◽

Gregory B Penner

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Latin Square ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Starch Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Passage Rate ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Pisum Sativum L

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay (Pisum sativum L., c.v. CDC Horizon) on dry matter intake (DMI), eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef heifers. Pea hay was cut at EARLY (defined to occur when flat pods were on one or more nodes), MID (when seeds filled the pods at one or more nodes and the leaves were changing from green to gold), and LATE (yellow dry seeds filled pods on most or all of the nodes and the pods and leaves had a yellow color) phases, and was cured in the field and baled. Six ruminally-cannulated Speckle Park heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 18-d periods including 12 d for adaptation, 2 d for measurement of ruminal pool sizes, and 4 d for the collection of eating behavior, ruminal pH, ruminal digesta, and feces. For all treatments, the respective pea hay was included at 40% of the dietary DM. Stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay did not affect total DMI, pea hay DMI, or the total short-chain fatty acid concentration in ruminal fluid with averages of 8.6 kg/d, 3.2 kg/d, and 96.55 mM, respectively. The duration of time spent ruminating decreased with advancing pea hay maturity when reported as min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P ≤ 0.01). Mean ruminal pH also decreased with advancing pea maturity (P < 0.01). The ruminal DM and undigested NDF corrected for OM pools were not affected by stage of maturity (P ≥ 0.55) nor was the rate of digestion for NDF. However, NDF passage rate decreased by 0.21%/h with advancing pea hay maturity (P = 0.02). Apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (average = 16.30%, P = 0.41) was not affected, but starch digestibility decreased from 96.10% to 93.08% with advancing pea hay maturity (P = 0.07). Overall, stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay does not appear to affect DMI or NDF digestibililty but decreases chewing activity, apparent total tract starch digestibility, ruminal pH, and ruminal NDF passage rate.

Download Full-text

84 Effect of incorporating forage pea (c.v. Pisium sativum L.) into cereal hay on ruminal fermentation and apparent digestibility when fed to beef heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.152 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 73-73

Author(s):

Alex Pursley ◽

Bill Biligetu ◽

Tom Warkentin ◽

Bart Lardner ◽

Greg B Penner

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Inclusion Rate ◽

Protein Supply

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of inclusion rate of pea hay in barley and oat hay when fed to beef cattle. Six ruminally-cannulated heifers (407 ± 38 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square with a 2 × 3 factorial design and 25-d periods. Treatments included barley or oat hay blended with pea hay to achieve inclusion rates of 0, 15, or 30% (DM basis). Pea inclusion increased DMI (P = 0.03) by 0.75 kg/d, and generally reduced sorting (P ≤ 0.006) against NDF and ADF compared to the cereal-only treatments. Pea inclusion decreased CP digestibility by 2.87% relative to cereal-only treatments, but did not affect the predicted microbial protein supply or nitrogen retention (P ≥ 0.77). Pea inclusion did not affect total ruminal SCFA concentration, but increased the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate and decreased the molar proportion of propionate (P ≤ 0.01). While cereal type did not affect DMI (P = 0.36) or total SCFA concentration (P = 0.61), use of oat hay improved DM digestibility (67.73 vs. 63.22% for oat and barley, respectively; P < 0.001) and increased nitrogen retention (P = 0.03) when compared to barley. Overall, incorporating pea into cereal hay increased DMI, reduced CP digestibility, and altered ruminal fermentation.

Download Full-text

Effects of Supplemental Fat and Protein Source on Ruminal Fermentation and Nutrient Flow to the Duodenum in Dairy Cows

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)75922-8 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 152-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

S.C. Chan ◽

J.T. Huber ◽

C.B. Theurer ◽

Z. Wu ◽

K.H. Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Protein Source ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Nutrient Flow ◽

Supplemental Fat

Download Full-text

PSI-3 Effect of stage of maturity of forage pea cultivar (Pisium sativum L.) in hay on palatability, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef cattle

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.587 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 290-290

Author(s):

Alex Pursley ◽

Bill Biligetu ◽

Tom Warkentin ◽

Bart Lardner

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Latin Square ◽

Starch Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Passage Rate ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Yellow Color ◽

Late Stages

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay on DMI, eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef heifers. Pea hay was harvested at early, mid, and late stages of maturity. Early was defined as observing flat pods at one or more nodes. Mid stage was defined as seeds filling the pods at one or more nodes and leaves beginning to turn from green to gold. Late stage was defined as yellow, dry seeds filling pods on most or all of the nodes, with a yellow color to the leaves and pods. Six ruminally-cannulated Speckle Park heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 18-d periods with pea hay included at 40% of the dietary DM. Stage of maturity did not affect DMI or ruminal total SCFA concentration with averages of 3.2 kg/d and 96.55 mM, respectively. Time spent ruminating decreased with advancing maturity when reported as min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg NDF (P ≤ 0.01). Mean ruminal pH also decreased with advancing pea maturity (P < 0.01). The ruminal DM and uNDFOM pools were not affected by stage maturity (P ≥ 0.55). While the rate of digestion for NDF was not affected, NDF passage rate decreased by 0.21 %/h with advancing maturity (P = 0.02). Apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (average = 16.30%, P = 0.41) was not affected but starch digestibility tended to decrease from 96.10 to 93.08% with advancing maturity (P = 0.07). Overall, stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay does not appear to impact DMI, fermentation, or digestibility.

Download Full-text