TOXIC EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSE OF QUASSIN IN NORMAL AND DEPRIVED MICROFLORA RAT GROUPS

Eighteen rats were divided into three equal groups. The first group was closed orally with quassin, the second group was dosed with quassin after the gut flora were suppressed by difierent antibiotics, and the third group was served as a control. Food intake, water intake, and change in body weight were measured daily before dosing, during two weeks of dosing, and during one week after stopping dosing. Two eats from each group were killed at the end of each week, and stomach, liver, and kidney were collected for histopathologic examination. The results show a significant decline in daily food intake and daily change in body weight, and a significant increase in daily water intake in both dosed groups during the dosing period. Microscopic lesions were seen in the kidneys of both dosed rats group killed at the end of first and second week

PSXII-26 Effects of levels of brackish water and NaCl on water and feed intake by different breeds of goat and hair sheep yearlings

Angora, Boer, and Spanish doelings and Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix ewe lambs (6 per type; initial age=296±2.1 d) consumed water varying in mineral levels of a natural brackish source (BR) and NaCl (SL) to determine effects on water and feed intake. There were 6 simultaneous 6×6 Latin squares with 3-wk periods. Water treatments (WT) were fresh (FR), BR alone (100-BR), similar total dissolved salt (TDS) level as 100-BR via NaCl addition to FR (100-SL), BR with concentrations of all minerals increased by 50% (150-BW), the same TDS level as 150-BR by NaCl addition to FR (150-SL), and the 150 TDS level by addition of a 1:1 mixture of BR minerals and NaCl to 100-BR (150-BR/SL). Concentrations (mg/kg) in BR were 4,928 TDS, 85.9 bicarbonate, 225 calcium, 1,175 chloride, 60.5 magnesium, 4.59 potassium, 1,387 sodium, 1,962 sulfate, and 8.3 boron, and TDS in other WT was 453, 5,684, 7,508, 8,222, and 7,319 for FR, 100-SL, 150-BR, 150-SL, and 150-BR/SL, respectively. Wheat hay (10% crude protein, 66.8% neutral detergent fiber, and 8.5% acid detergent lignin) was consumed ad libitum. There were no AT×WT interactions in water or feed intake. Water intake was affected by animal type (AT) and WT (P = 0.019 and 0.038, respectively), with values of 5.21, 4.06, 3.88, 4.65, 5.69, and 4.97% body weight (BW) for Angora, Boer, Spanish, Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix (SEM=0.388) and 4.66, 4.50, 4.61, 4.42, 5.30, and 4.96% BW for FR, 100-BR, 100-SL, 150-BR, 150-SL, and 150-BR/SL, respectively (SEM=0.249). Dry matter intake did not differ among WT (P = 0.573) but was affected by AT (P = 0.002), with values of 2.04, 2,54, 2.58, 2.72, 2.99, and 3.06% BW for FR, 100-BR, 100-SL, 150-BR, 150-SL, and 150-BR/SL, respectively (SEM=0.161). In conclusion, based on feed intake all AT seemed resilient to these WT with TDS less than 10,000 mg/kg.

The Effects of Green Tea on Diabetes and Gut Microbiome in db/db Mice: Studies with Tea Extracts vs. Tea Powder

Green tea extracts and tea catechins have been shown to prevent or alleviate diabetes. The present study tests the hypothesis that green tea leaves in powder form (GTP), which also contain fiber and other water non-extractable materials, are more effective than the corresponding green tea extracts (GTE) in impeding the development of diabetes in db/db mice. Female db/db mice were treated with a diet containing 1% of GTE, 2% of GTE, 2% of GTP (with the same catechin content as 1% GTE) or 1% GTP. The 1% GTE group had lower food intake, water consumption, body weight and fasting blood glucose levels than the control group, while 2% GTP did not have any significant effect. Dietary 1% GTE also preserved β-cell insulin secretion. However, 1% GTP increased food intake, water consumption and blood glucose levels. Microbiome analysis with 16S rRNA gene V4 sequencing showed that the gut microbiota was modified by GTE and GTP, and a few bacterial guilds were associated with blood glucose levels. In the Random Forest regression model, the leading predictor of metabolic outcome was food consumption, followed by changes in some bacterial guilds. The results illustrate the importance of food consumption and gut microbiota in affecting the progression of diabetes.

Replacement of grain maize with spineless cactus in the diet of dairy goats

Spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) is widely used in animal feed in semi-arid regions, due to the adaptive characteristics to such conditions and for having high levels of soluble carbohydrates. This research article describes the effect of replacing grain maize with spineless cactus in the diet of dairy goats on dry matter intake, water intake, milk yield, milk physicochemical characteristics and diet production costs. Eight multiparous Anglo Nubian goats were fed diets in which grain maize was replaced with spineless cactus at four levels (0, 33, 66, and 100%) in a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. Milk yield was measured and samples collected in the last three days of each period for physicochemical analysis and for determining nutrient intake. Diet production costs were also determined. Replacing maize with spineless cactus did not influence dry matter intake. Water intake via the drinker decreased linearly in response to the increasing levels of spineless cactus in the diet. The replacement of maize with spineless cactus did not change milk yield or physicochemical parameters. Total feed cost and the percentage of revenue losses from feed decreased with the replacement. Therefore, spineless cactus can fully replace grain maize in the diet of dairy goats, as it does not change dry matter intake or milk yield, but rather reduces feed costs and the drinking-water intake of goats.

Fuel Used Analysis on Boiler Efficiency Variations and Water Intake Temperature Affected by Palm Oil Varieties

Several factors that affect the use of fuel in boilers are combustion efficiency, quality of feed water management, calorific value, and the potential for available fuel from oil palm varieties. The purpose of this research is to identify the use of fuel and its potential savings based on variations in boiler efficiency and water temperature that entered the boiler. The materials used in this research are FFB mass balance data and boiler fuel composition. Based on the analysis results, the lowest used fuel mass and the highest fuel savings are found in the DxPLangkat variety with an intake water temperature of 105o C and 80% boiler efficiency. The use of fuel is 4,231 kg/hour with shell savings of 967 kg/hour with a value of IDR 725,701. Fiber savings was 487 kg/hour with a value of IDR 121,751.The highest used fuel mass and the lowest fuel savings were found in the Yangambi derivative variety with an intake water temperature of 85o C and 60% boiler efficiency.The fuel consumption is 5,830 kg/hour with shell savings totalling -380 kg/hour. There is no fiber analysis because it is used up hence additional fuel is needed. Additional fuel can be done by asking for other palm oil mill units or buying. If they buy a shell with a requirement of 380 kg/hour, the funds required are IDR 284,939.

EFFECT OF WED FEED ON COCKEREL CHICKEN PERFORMANCE

An experiment was conducted with 66 day-old Hyperco cockerels. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) peels of mized varieties were used for this study which lasted for 8 weeks. The peels were harvested at between 9 - 10 months of age from the cassava plantation of the Institute of Agriculture Research and Training (I.A.R. & T), Moor Plantation, Ibadan. The chicks were randomly allotted to the two dietary treatments A (dry mash) and B (wet, "moist" mash). Each treatmet consisted of 3 replicates. The mean daily feed intake, water consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency values showed significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments. Considering the ease in producing wet ("moist") feeds, their use in cockerel nuitrition offers tremendous commercial benefits if suitable equipment are developed for mixing and delivering them to the birds.

Drainage and watering systems on even lands with the use of frontal and frontal-circular sprinklers

Purpose: research and development of design solutions for drainage and watering systems using linear and frontal-circular movement sprinkling machines for the effective use of system water resources when draining and moistening reclaimed lands in non-sloping (low-slope) areas and with a slight slope. Materials and methods. During the research, the well-known design solutions of drainage and watering, irrigation and water circulation systems of various scientists were analyzed. In the course of analysis of constructive solutions and methods of movement, analytical, comparative and logical methods were used. When developing (improving) design solutions, the design method was used. Results. During the research, it was found that in the humid zone, due to the decrease in irrigation norms, there is a possibility of increasing the seasonal load of sprinklers. Based on the results of studies of the principles of moving sprinkler machines and currently used design solutions in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the land use coefficient, three design solutions have been proposed for reclaimed lands with different slopes. It is proposed to use frontal and frontal-circular sprinklers in drainage and watering systems. Humidification in these solutions is carried out by accumulated drainage runoff with the possibility of discharging its excess water into a water intake-water source, as well as, additional withdrawal from it in case of necessity. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the constructive solutions for drainage and watering systems have been proposed using frontal-circular and frontal sprinklers on non-slope (low-slope) reclaimed lands, as well as those with a slope, which make it possible to reduce the number of sprinklers due to reduced irrigation norms and the location of the combined drainage-watering and watering networks.

Corn silk polysaccharide ameliorates high fat diet induced hepatic steatosis in mice

To study the therapeutic effect of corn silk polysaccharide (CSP) on NAFLD mice induced by high fat diet. C57BL/6J mice were divided into normal control group (NC), high fat diet (HFD) group, HFD+200 mg/kg CSP group, and HFD+600 mg/kg CSP group. NAFLD mouse model was established by HFD feeding. Blood and liver tissues of each group were collected and biochemical and pathological tests were performed. The energy intake of NAFLD model group was higher than that of normal control group, and the food intake, water intake, and excretion of NAFLD model group were lower than that of normal control group. There was no statistical significance in the food intake, energy intake, water intake, and excretion of CSP group compared with that of NAFLD model group, nor was there any statistical significance between CSP and two doses of CSP. Biochemical tests showed that CSP decreased the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum of HFDfed mice, and inhibited the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α in liver tissue. Pathological results showed that CSP improved HFD-induced hepatic steatosis.

Management of Thermal Injuries in Donkeys: A Case Report

Burn injuries are uncommon in large animals and there are no reports of these injuries in donkeys. Burns cause local and systemic effects. Extensive thermal injuries can be challenging to manage and the extent of the burn surface affected will directly impact the severity of the illness and the prognosis. Burns are classified according to the depth of injury into four categories, from first-degree burns, and the least affect to fourth-degree burns, which are the more severely affected patients. This case report describes the medical management of four donkeys that sustained various degrees of external burn injuries during the wildland–urban interface fire in Valparaiso, Chile. The donkeys were treated topically for several weeks and closely monitor for inadequate nutritional intake. Water based topical medications are preferred in burn cases because they can be easily applied and removed without interfering with wound healing. Of note, the caloric demands of these cases can be achieved by increasing the amount of grain, adding fat (i.e., vegetable oil), and free-choice alfalfa hay. All donkeys recovered and were retired to an animal shelter.