scholarly journals Innervation of TRPV1-, PGP-, and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the subepithelial layer of a whole mount preparation of the rat cornea

2012 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akio HIURA ◽  
Hiroshi NAKAGAWA
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Subepithelial Layer

Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in urinary bladder in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R125-R134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Corrow ◽  
Margaret A. Vizzard
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Detrusor Smooth Muscle ◽  
Erk Phosphorylation ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Perk Expression ◽  
Whole Mount

Phosphorylated ERK expression has been demonstrated in the central and peripheral nervous system after various stimuli, including visceral stimulation. Changes in the activation (i.e., phosphorylation) of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERK) were examined in the urinary bladder after 4 h (acute), 48 h (intermediate), or chronic (10 day) cyclophosphamide (CYP) treatment. CYP-induced cystitis significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased pERK expression in the urinary bladder with intermediate (48 h) and chronic CYP treatment. Immunohistochemistry for pERK immunoreactivity revealed little pERK-IR in control or acute (4 h) CYP-treated rat urinary bladders. However, pERK expression was significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) upregulated in the urothelium after 48 h or chronic CYP treatment. Whole mount preparations of urothelium/lamina propria or detrusor smooth muscle from control (noninflamed) rats showed no pERK-IR in PGP9.5-labeled nerve fibers in the suburothelial plexus. However, with CYP-treatment (48 h, chronic), a few pERK-IR nerve fibers in the suburothelial plexus of whole mount preparations of bladder and at the serosal edge of urinary bladder sections were observed. pERK-IR cells expressing the CD86 antigen were also observed in urinary bladder from CYP-treated rats (48 h, chronic). Treatment with the upstream inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, U0126, significantly ( P ≤ 0.01) increased bladder capacity in CYP-treated rats (48 h). These studies suggest that therapies targeted at pERK pathways may improve urinary bladder function in CYP-treated rats.

scholarly journals Cholecystokinin Induces Cerebral Vasodilatation via Presynaptic CCK2 Receptors: New Implications for the Pathophysiology of Panic

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Sánchez–Fernández ◽  
Carmen González ◽  
Linda D. Mercer ◽  
Philip M. Beart ◽  
Mariano Ruiz–Gayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Neurogenic Vasodilatation ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Cerebral Vasodilatation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cck2 Receptors

The authors report that cholecystokinin (CCK), via its subtype 2 receptor (CCK2R) located presynaptically on cerebral arteries, mediates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which induces vasodilatation. Whereas CCK octapeptide and its fragment CCK tetrapeptide (CCK-4) lack a direct effect on the smooth muscle of pial vessels, the authors showed that both CCK peptides modulate the neurogenic responses in bovine cerebral arteries. The neurogenic vasodilatation induced by CCK-4 was blocked by the CCK2R antagonist, L-365,260, and antagonized by neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) inhibitors, but was independent of the endothelium. In whole-mount arteries, CCK2Rs were detected in nerve fibers and colocalized with nNOS and synaptophysin. The findings provide, for the first time, a neural mechanism by which CCK may increase cerebral blood flow.

VIP Potentiates Cholinergic Effects on the Mucociliary System in the Maxillary Sinus

1988 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Lindberg ◽  
Anders Cervin ◽  
Ulf Mercke ◽  
Rolf Uddman
Keyword(s):  
Maxillary Sinus ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Maxillary Nerve ◽  
Mucociliary System ◽  
Parasympathetic Neurons ◽  
Subepithelial Layer ◽  
Photoelectric Technique ◽  
Cholinergic Effects

The neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), which is found in a population of cholinergic parasympathetic neurons in the airways, has no effects per se on mucociliary activity. In order to test the hypothesis that VIP may modulate cholinergic regulation of the mucociliary system, VIP was infused intraarterially (8.4 pmol/kg/min), and the response to challenges with methacholine in the maxillary sinus of rabbits were recorded with a photoelectric technique. Occurrence of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit maxillary sinus, maxillary nerve, and sphenopalatine ganglion was investigated. Immunoreactivlty against VIP was found in nerve fibers in the subepithelial layer of the maxillary sinus and in numerous nerve cell bodies in the sphenopalatine ganglion. Infusion of VIP potentiated the mucociliary increase induced by methacholine. The mucociliary wave frequency change increased from 6.1% ± 1.7% to 13.3% ± 3.9% (0.01 μg/kg methacholine), from 11.6% ± 3.6% to 18.8% ± 2.2% (0.05 μg/kg) and from 17.0% ± 3.0% to 27.4% ± 3.6% (0.1 μg/kg). Both peak responses and response durations increased during infusions. In contrast, the vasodilating agent papaverine sulphate did not influence the mucociliary response to methacholine. The modulating effect of VIP on the mucociliary system, taken together with the morphologic observations, suggest that VIP may have a physiologic role in the regulation of the mucociliary system in the maxillary sinus.

scholarly journals Distribution of serotonin-like immunoreactive nerves in major cerebral arteries of rabbit: an immunohistochemical study.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1383-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Dhall ◽  
G Burnstock
Keyword(s):  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Circle Of Willis ◽  
Immunofluorescence Technique ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Peptidergic Innervation ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique

We studied the distribution pattern of serotonin-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the major cerebral vessels of rabbit by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using whole-mount stretch preparations. The density of serotonin-like immunoreactive nerve fibers was greater in vessels of the posterior part of the circle of Willis compared with that in the anterior part. This is in contrast to most of the observations reported previously regarding adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic innervation of the circle of Willis.

Origin and Distribution of NADPH Diaphorase-Positive Nerves in Rat Nasal Mucosa

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seayuong Jeon ◽  
Jinpyeong Kim ◽  
Euigee Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Retrograde Tracing ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation ◽  
Sphenopalatine Ganglion ◽  
Submucosal Glands ◽  
Subepithelial Layer

The aim of this study was to localize the distribution of (reduced) nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase-positive nerves in the rat nasal mucosa by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, and to determine its origin by utilizing retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold (FG). Fine varicosities of NADPH diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were distributed around blood vessels (arterioles in particular), submucosal glands, and the subepithelial layer of the nasal mucosa. Most of the ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the sphenopalatine ganglion, and a few ganglion cells in the trigeminal ganglion, were stained by NADPH diaphorase, but no NADPH diaphorase-positive ganglion cells were found in the superior cervical ganglion. Retrograde tracing with FG and co-localization of NADPH diaphorase demonstrated that the FG-labeled ganglion cells in the sphenopalatine ganglion were NADPH diaphorase-positive, but the FG-labeled ganglion cells in both the trigeminal and the superior cervical ganglia were NADPH diaphorase-negative. In conclusion, NADPH diaphorase-positive nerves distribute around blood vessels, around submucosal glands, and in the subepithelial layer of the rat nasal mucosa, and their origin is the sphenopalatine ganglion. These findings imply that nitric oxide may be co-localized to the cholinergic innervation and be involved in vasomotor and secretomotor control of the nasal mucosa.

scholarly journals A staining procedure for nerve fibers in whole mount preparations of the medaka and chick embryos.

1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUJI ISHIKAWA ◽  
CHOSEI ZUKERAN ◽  
SHIGERU KURATANI ◽  
SHIGENORI TANAKA
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Whole Mount

Structural studies of innervation on nonpregnant rat uterus

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. C41-C54 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Garfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Myometrial Contractility ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Granular Vesicles ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Whole-mount preparations of the uterus and mesentery from nonpregnant rats were examined after staining with glyoxylic acid or acetylcholinesterase to demonstrate the innervation. Some uterine tissues were also evaluated by electron microscopy. Glyoxylic acid fluorescent nerves were present in the mesentery, mesometrium, and uterine wall exclusively around blood vessels. Acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibers from Frankenhauser's plexus (cervical ganglia) were associated with blood vessels and muscle in the uterine wall but not in the mesentery. Electron microscopy revealed nerve varicosities with granular vesicles associated with blood vessels and varicosities with agranular vesicles located near blood vessels and muscle cells. Treatment of animals for 3 days with 5- and 6-hydroxydopamine, respectively, increased granular size and damaged the varicosities with granular vesicles but did not change nerves with agranular vesicles or induce the presence of gap junctions. The results of this study suggest that blood vessels in the uterus are highly innervated by both adrenergic and other types of nerves that probably control blood flow. Nonadrenergic but not adrenergic nerves may also directly control myometrial contractility.

Innervation of the Feline Eustachian Tube

1979 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Uddman ◽  
J. Alumets ◽  
M. Ekelund ◽  
I. Lorén ◽  
O. Densert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Eustachian Tube ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Peptidergic Nerves ◽  
Subepithelial Layer ◽  
Seromucous Glands ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

The distribution of adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nerves in the feline eustachian tube was studied using histochemical techniques. Adrenergic, acetylcholinesterase-positive and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the tubal wall. All three types of nerve fibers occurred in the subepithelial layer, around small blood vessels and around the acini of seromucous glands. No nerves displaying substance P or enkephalin immunoreactivity were observed.

Some Biological Applications of High Voltage Electron Microscopy

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
Hans Ris
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University

The High Voltage Electron Microscope Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin has been in operation a little over one year. I would like to give a progress report about our experience with this new technique. The achievement of good resolution with thick specimens has been mainly exploited so far. A cold stage which will allow us to look at frozen specimens and a hydration stage are now being installed in our microscope. This will soon make it possible to study undehydrated specimens, a particularly exciting application of the high voltage microscope.Some of the problems studied at the Madison facility are: Structure of kinetoplast and flagella in trypanosomes (J. Paulin, U. of Georgia); growth cones of nerve fibers (R. Hannah, U. of Georgia Medical School); spiny dendrites in cerebellum of mouse (Scott and Guillery, Anatomy, U. of Wis.); spindle of baker's yeast (Joan Peterson, Madison) spindle of Haemanthus (A. Bajer, U. of Oregon, Eugene) chromosome structure (Hans Ris, U. of Wisconsin, Madison). Dr. Paulin and Dr. Hanna are reporting their work separately at this meeting and I shall therefore not discuss it here.

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