scholarly journals THE MIDDLE AGES IN SOUTHERN SIBERIA: DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 313-327
Author(s):  
И. Л. Кызласов
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
World View ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

Своеобразие Южной Сибири заключено в зримости древних памятников. Созданные из камня, они стали обязательной частью местного пейзажа. Среди них и надо осознавать остатки средневековья. Как тогда воспринимались памятники предыдущих культур, прослежено на писаницах, могильниках и в храмовых центрах Хакасии. Рисунки, а затем геральдические знаки и молитвенные надписи средневековья не нарушают, а дополняют петроглифы былых времен, значит, сохранялись горные культы. Курганы VI-VIII вв. продолжают кладбища II в. до н. э. -V в. н. э., видно, осознавались кровные связи с предками. В VIII в. манихейский храм возвели в долине, где по ХХ в. оставались не потревоженными 14 скульптур и около 15 менгиров. Храм действовал среди языческих идолов - ближайшие монолиты были от него в 100-150 м. Достигнув Енисея, манихейство включило в свою религиозную практику местную руническую письменность, а вместе с нею, как теперь видим, и основной комплекс традиционного мировоззрения, тесно связанного с почитанием памятников древности. Взаимное проникновение привнесенных и местных верований сформировало новое религиозное направление - северное, сибирско-тюркское манихейство. Visibility of ancient sites is a unique feature of southern Siberia. Built from stone, these sites have become an integral part of the local landscape. Remains dating to the Middle Ages need to be identified at such sites. The way the sites dating to earlier cultures were perceived during the medieval times can be understood from rupestrian drawings, cemeteries and temple centers in Khakassia. Drawings and, subsequently, blazonry and medieval prayer inscriptions complement petroglyphs dating to the earlier periods (Fig. 1 and 2) rather than disrupt the picture these petroglyphs create. It means that mountainous cults were maintained until the medieval period. Mounds of the 6 -8 centuries represent a continuation of the cemeteries of the 2 century BC - 5 century AD; people were aware of the ties of blood with their ancestors. In the 8 century a Manichean church was built in the valley where 14 sculptures and around 15 menhirs remained intact until the 20 century (Fig. 3). Services in the church were conducted among pagan idols, the nearest monoliths were located at a distance of 100-150 m (Fig. 4). Reaching the Yenisei, Manichaeism incorporated local runic writings into its religious practice along with a basic set of traditional world view closely connected with worshipping the sites of ancient times. Mutual penetration of non-local and local beliefs generated a new religious belief, i.e. northern, Siberian-Turkic Manichaeism.

German fortified churches in Transylvania

Antiquity ◽  
1932 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 301-326
Author(s):  
E. G. Sebastian
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern France ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

Rom very ancient times the church and the churchyard have afforde'd refuge to villagers in time of war. For this reason, wherever practicable, churches have been built on heights, to be the more easily defended. The church served not only as a house of prayer but also as a protecting citadel, defending the lives and property of its children. Already in the 4th century the Armenians had made strong citadels of their churches. The Franks in Merovingian times (481-751) built fortified churches of which that of St. Jean at Poitiers still stands, as well as the church at Remainmontier. After the Saracen invasion most of the churches in the south of France were surrounded with defence works, whereas in northern France they were not defended before the English wars in the fourteenth century. In the Middle Ages most of the churches in the strip of land between the Rhine and the Nahe, called the Gau, were fortified. Osthofen had defence works as early as 1241. In the Middle Ages, too, fortified churches were built in Alsace and Lorraine, or else the existing ones were greatly strengthened. An especially characteristic example is Chazelles in Lorraine, built in the 12th century, in which we are first struck by the placing of the church-tower between the choir and the nave and then by the loop-holes and machicolations.

scholarly journals Istotne cele małżeństwa katolickiego

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Tomasz Smoliński
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Code Of Canon Law ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Church ◽  
Current Code ◽  
The Middle Ages

Contemporary church legislation indicates two basic purposes of marriage: the good of the spouses and the birth of offspring. Today’s doctrine is based on the teaching of philosophers, theologians and doctors of the Church. In this work, considerations have been made regarding the important purposes of marriage, taking into account the views of scholars from ancient times, through the Middle Ages, to the Code of Canon Law of 1917, the Second Vatican Council and finally, the current Code of Canon Law of 1983.  

HAJJ AND THE RULERS OF

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
D.X. Sangirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

Revered since ancient times, the concept of "sacred place" in the middle ages rose to a new level. The article analyzes one of the important issues of this time - Hajj (pilgriamge associated with visiting Mecca and its surroundings at a certain time), which is one of pillars of Islam and history of rulers who went on pilgrimage

Stages in Diplomatic Production

2020 ◽  
pp. 610-618
Author(s):  
Olivier Guyotjeannin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter examines administrative documents of the Middle Ages and the major scholarly studies of them. It surveys the number of preserved documents and the problems surrounding the lack of documents in different periods and places. The author discusses the role and influence of the Church in the increased production and preservation of documents beginning in the eleventh century, leading to an enormous increase in the production of documents during the last three centuries of the Middle Ages.

Papal Legates against the Albigensians: The Debts of the Church of Valence (1215–1250)

Traditio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
D. Dudley Stutz
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Detailed Treatment ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Rhone Valley ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

In 1232 Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–41) imposed a tenth of episcopal revenues on prelates of Occitania to subsidize the church of Valence, which owed 10,000 poundstournoisto various bankers of Vienne, Rome, Lyons, and Siena. In 1865 B. Hauréau first noted the event when he edited one of the main documents in theGallia christianavolume concerning the ecclesiastical province of Vienne. With the publication of Gregory IX's register from 1890–1908 most of the facts of the tax were more widely available. In 1910 Ulysse Chevalier briefly mentioned the tax in his monograph on the long tenure of John of Bernin, archbishop of Vienne (r. 1218–66). In 1913, Heinrich Zimmermann cited Hauréau's text in a note in his detailed treatment of early thirteenth-century papal legations. Recently Alain Marchandisse reviewed eight of the eleven papal letters pertaining to the tax in his study of William of Savoy (d. 1239) as bishop-elect of Liège. These scholars provided no reason for the debt or why the papacy would take such measures to ensure payment. Perhaps they did not study this tax further because a church indebted to moneylenders is not in itself surprising. It appears that the church of Valence acquired the debt, very large compared to the church's income, when bishop-elect William of Savoy (r. 1225–39) waged war against Adhémar II of Poitiers-Valentinois, count of the Valentinois (r. 1189–1239). Struggles between bishops and the local nobility occurred on a regular basis throughout the Middle Ages, so what in this unimportant Rhone-valley diocese interested the pope enough to impose taxes on prelates of Occitania over twenty years to ensure payment of this debt? Adhémar II faithfully supported Raymond VI (r. 1194–1222) and Raymond VII (r. 1222–49) of Saint-Gilles, counts of Toulouse, throughout their struggle with the papacy during and following the Albigensian crusades. Adhémar II was also their vassal for the Diois, which borders the Valentinois on the southeast and comprised the northern portion of the marquisate of Provence. These lands had been reserved for the church in the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which ended the Albigensian crusades. Thus William of Savoy as bishop-elect of Valence defended the papacy's claims on the marquisate of Provence, which the papacy deemed part of the larger struggle between the Roman church and the counts of Toulouse. The facts on the nature of the debts and the steps the papacy took to aid the diocese show that the local struggle between the bishop of Valence and the count of the Valentinois embodied a part of the larger struggle between the papacy and the counts of Toulouse over the marquisate of Provence, which began as early as 1215.

The Maaseik embroideries

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 65-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mildred Budny ◽  
Dominic Tweddle
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Middle Ages

Among the relics in the treasury of the church of St Catherine at Maaseik in Limburg, Belgium, there are some luxurious embroideries which form part of the so-called casula (probably ‘chasuble’) of Sts Harlindis and Relindis (pls. I–VI). It was preserved throughout the Middle Ages at the abbey church of Aldeneik (which these sister-saints founded in the early eighth century) and was moved to nearby Maaseik in 1571. Although traditionally regarded as the handiwork of Harlindis and Relindis themselves, the embroideries cannot date from as early as their time, and they must have been made in Anglo-Saxon England. Indeed, they represent the earliest surviving examples of the highly prized English art of embroidery which became famous later in the Middle Ages as opus anglicanum.

The Church and Economic Activity in the Middle Ages

1973 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
G. ◽  
J. Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

Justice in the paradigm of the Philosophy of Law: analytical review

2021 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Vasily I. Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epistemological Basis ◽  
The Middle Ages

The author analyzes the process of accumulation of knowledge in the field of philosophy and law in order to create an epistemological basis for the perception of justice in the paradigm of the Philosophy of Law. The analytical review is based on the analysis of philosophical, theological, historical and other theories developed from ancient times to the present. The author focuses on the works of ancient thinkers (first of all, Plato, his disciple Aristotle, their followers, Roman authors), the works of scientists who created original concepts and enriched jurisprudence in the Middle Ages, the new and the newest times. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of theories that brought science closer to the creation of a theory of justice in the context of the Philosophy of Law. The author also describes the theories of justice of law developed by the largest scientists of the XX century, J.ºRawls, H. Otfried, F. von Hayek, Ph. Selznick, etc. The article considers the contribution to the development of knowledge about justice in the paradigm of the Philosophy of Law made by the local legal scholars, Soviet scientists, the largest modern specialists in this field, including V.D. Zorkin, V.I. Khairullin, etc. Based on the results of the analytical review, the main conclusions are developed and the author's definition of justice in the format of the Philosophy of Law is given.

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